50. Contribution to the study of Kazakhstan of Russian scientists

In the second half of the XIX century in the territory of Kazakhstan scientific institutions and branches of different scientific organizations of Russia were created.

Needs of mastering of richness of Kazakhstan and a dimple of the Kazakh-Russian relations affected a course of research of the edge:

Among outstanding researchers of the edge there is a name of the world renowned scientist – Semenov-Tian-Shanskiy. He made traveling to Altai, in Semirechye and Central Asia. Under its manual a geographical series "Russia is prepared. Complete geographical collection".

The outstanding orientalist academician V.V.Radlov for many years studied language, customs, ceremonies, history and folklore, economy of Kazakhs and published unprecedented in science a series of texts "Samples of national literature of Turkic tribes". The scientist traveled on east, northern and southeast regions of Kazakhstan, studying Altai, a valley of Irtysh, Semirechye and wrote two historical and geographical descriptions. Outstanding scientist V. V. Velyaminov-Zernov in books "Research About Kasimovsk Tsars and Tsarevitchs", "Historical Data about the Kyrgyz-kaysakakh" wrote history of the Kazakh khanate in 15-16vv. and history of Little zhuz 18c.

Aristov's works "Notices of ethnic composition of Turkic tribes", "Experience of clearing up of ethnic composition the Kazakh Kyrgyz of the Big horde and каракиргизов" became a big contribution to ethnographic science.

Great Ukrainian poet Shevchenko, living in exile on the Kazakh earth, in the creativity I reflected a subject of the Kazakh life. In the poem "My Thoughts" the poet compares life of the Kazakh and the Ukrainian.

L.Meyer in the book "Kyrgyz Steppe of the Orenburg Department" provided important for science statistical and historical and ethnographic data.

V.I.Dal – being in case of the Orenburg military governor the official of special instructions, he collected records and samples of oral creativity of the Turkic people. I felt sympathy to principals of revolt 1836-1838yy. About life of Kazakhs of the Orenburg edge I wrote the story "Bukey and Maulen".

A.S. Pushkin – in 1833 visited Orenburg and Uralsk for the purpose of collection of materials about revolt Pugacheva. In "Stories of Pugachevsky revolt", are provided convergence about involvement in country war of Kazakhs, about closeness of the purposes of the Kazakhs who have risen with interests. In Uralsk Pushkin wrote the poem "Goats Korpesh — the Bayan Sula".

In 1834 A.I.Levshin wrote the 3-volume fundamental work "Description of Kyrgyz-kaysatsk Hordes and Steppes".

In development of public thought and culture of Kazakhstan the significant contribution was made by the first scientific organizations and establishments:

- Separations of the Russian geographical society in Orenburg, Semipalatinsk, Omsk made a big contribution to business of the organization of scientific expeditions, masterings of natural richness of the edge, involvement of locals in these societies.

- Oriental studies departments;

- Regional statistical committees spreaded among Kazakhs science and knowledge, literacy bases, collected a huge contribution according to the statistics, stories, ethnography and the material culture of Kazakhs and they were published in "Reviews" of areas.

- Public libraries served business of education of the people. The first public library was open in 1883 in Semipalatinsk in which originally there were only 260 books.

- The special commission created in 1876 in Tashkent, realized measures for science and knowledge distribution in the land.

51. Agricultural policy of tsarism in Kazakhstan in the second half of Х1Х century After serfdom cancellation, from 60th of the XIX century, in Kazakh steppes and Siberia spontaneous resettlement movement from the central provinces of the country began. The peasantry looked for an exit from an emergency in which it appeared, in flight on national suburbs and to Siberia in search of free lands. Every spring through Ural ridge the never-ending chain of the vehicles harnessed alternately of horses and bulls lasted. Country colonization began in Akmolinsky, then in Semirechensky, Semipalatinsk, Ural, Turgaysky areas. Resettlement movement to the Kazakh steppe from 70th accrued from year to year. After establishment "Select committee of the Siberian railroad" (1892) the new stage of resettlement movement began. Unauthorized resettlement of peasants didn't stop and after temporary prohibition. Russians and the Ukrainian immigrants brought with themselves century experience of processing of the earth, mowing, construction of houses, farmyards, etc. that, undoubtedly, has impact on the Kazakh population. In turn, the Russian immigrants adopted skills of conducting irrigated agriculture and cattle breeding economy at the Kazakh people. Peasants moved from the central provinces of Russia to the Kazakh region in the vast majority ruined and become impoverished. On a settlement place they got to servitude to a kulachestvo and the Cossack top, many were compelled to be employed to them on the most hard low paid work. So spontaneous resettlement movement of peasants-samovoltsev to the Cf. Asia the imperial administration sought to subordinate to interests of military and aggressive foreign and military and feudal domestic policy of autocracy. At the beginning of the XX century. into the forefront the new task – evictions from Russia possible bigger quantity of the poor and average peasantry moved forward to weaken peasantry fight for the earth. In 1906 resettlement parties in Semirechye – Semirechensky and in Turkestan – Syr-Darya were formed. With formation of the parties setting as the purpose a wide ex-probation of the Kazakh lands in favor of immigrants, between Turkestani administration and resettlement officials there was a conflict. Since 1971 inflow of immigrants to edge started weakening. There were some opportunities of "selection" from among moving peasants, as more "reliable" element for colonization. The government in this regard proclaims turn from "eviction" policy to "settling" policy.

52)Stolypin. The Minister of Agriculture of the imperial government P. Stolypin was the author of reforms on an agrarian question. Reforms were directed on destruction of a rural community and formation of a social group of owners in the village. However at preservation of landowner land tenure there was a question of new lands for peasants. In this regard the new stage of resettlement of Russians and the Ukrainian peasants on the lands of Kazakhstan began. At the beginning of the XX century resettlement of peasants from internal provinces of imperial Russia to the Kazakh steppe accepted big scope. So, from 1906 to 1913 in Akmolinsky, Torgaysky, Ural and Semipalatinsk areas over 430 thousand farms moved.

Data on "surplus" of lands in Kazakhstan were necessary for Stolypin. For the purpose of identification of "free lands" examination of the Kazakh economy was conducted. Pursuing the colonizer aims, podkhlestyvayemy the imperial government and flow of immigrants, supernumeraries and land surveyors under the guise of surplus selected the best lands at indigenous people, without paying attention to needs of the Kazakh economy, without penetrating into its features. Mass resettlement of peasants from the Central provinces of Russia on the territory of Kazakhstan led to that huge fertile sites were transferred to using to peasants, and Kazakhs are forced out on desert and semidesertic regions Central and Youzhny Kazakhstana. Some part of the population, having left the ethnic homeland, it was compelled откочевать in borders of neighboring countries.

In 1906-1912 the statistical expeditions directed by P. Skryplev and P. Rumyantsev, surveyed the Kazakh farms in Syr-Darya and Semirechensky areas. Materials of expedition are published in Tashkent in 1908-1913 in 8 volumes. In 1904-1911 the similar expedition directed by the Item Hvorostinsky, V. Kuznetsovas and A.Perepletchikovtsm, conducted statistical examination of Torgaysky, Akmolinsky, Semipalatinsk areas. Materials in 13 volumes are published in 1909-1913.

Being guided by data of statistical expeditions 1907-1912gg. the Russian government in especially big scales carried out mass withdrawal of lands at Kazakhs. The resettlement land fund was created by violent withdrawal of the lands mainly already developed by Kazakhs which had irrigating systems, afforestations, constructions. Mass dispossession of land and ruin of the working mass of Kazakhs, strengthening of colonial oppression was result of resettlement policy of tsarism. Politician Stolypin, in particular mass resettlement of peasants, I promoted a further aggravation of agrarian crisis.

Growth of landowner and kulak land tenure. At the beginning of 1913 provisional rules about leasing of state grounds in Siberia, Steppes and Turkestan" for creation here large поме were approved. Growth of landowner and kulak land tenure. At the beginning of 1913 provisional rules about leasing of state grounds in Siberia, Steppes and Turkestan" for creation here large-scale landowner enterprises were approved ". In Kazakhstan the pomeshchichye.zemlevladeniye started being created.

In the fall of 1910 the decision on branch to kulak farms in Siberia and Kazakhstan of resettlement sites under individual possession was made. In March, 1911 the ministry of agriculture published special instructions according to which resettlement managements could create the sites convenient for individual possession. Only in 1911 in Turgaysky, Akmolinsky and Semipalatinsk areas 431 sites for individual using and 919 farm sites were educated.

However not all immigrants got accustomed on a new place. The considerable part them was compelled to return back. Country movement didn't stop. All this was the evidence of crash of a stolypinsky agrarian policy. Dispossession of land of Kazakhs led to an aggravation of situation in Kazakhstan and new lifting of national liberation movement.