34. The national liberation movement of Kazakhs under the leadership of Sultan Kenesary.

In the summer of 1837 began a new powerful performance, led Abylaikhan grandson and son of Kasim Kenesary. Standing at the head of the national liberation movement, Kenesary abandons its policy of his brothers, who sought support in the "same faith" Central Asian khanates. He decides to fight on two fronts - against Tsarist Russia and the Central Asian khanates, primarily Kokand, enslaved part of the Kazakh people. Actually armed action was preceded by a series of attempts to clean the system of fortifications on the lands of the Middle Horde letters addressed Siberian authorities, but they remained unanswered. In the spring of 1837 with a small group Kenesary appeared within Akmola region. The Kazakhs have masses Smekaev under his banner. At the head of the individual groups were as close relatives Kenesary - Nauryzbaev, Abylgaziev, bop-Khanum, because of the warriors of the people - Agybay, Zhanaydarov, Iman Dulatuly, Zholaman Tlenshiuly, Buharbay. In addition, the first phase was joined by part of the sultans and biys composed in Russian service, part of the pursuit of their interests, partly from fear of Kenesary. In the summer of 1837 was crushed by Chirikov and punitive force under the authority of Kenesary were Akmola, Kokchetav, Karkarala and Bayanaulsky districts, Early 1838 disparate groups united under the rule of the Kazakhs Kenesary. In the spring he directs the Embassy West Siberian governor Gorchakov with a special letter of protest against the policy of Russian authorities, where it requires the destruction of fortified points on Kazakh territory, the return of selected grassland. The representatives of the Sultan on the road were captured, and Kenesary resume the offensive against Russia. Kazakh troops defeated a detachment of army Sergeant Simon. In the summer of 1838 the troops were concentrated at the Kenesary Akmola fortress. August 7, held a fierce assault on the fortress, all of its buildings were burned. After that, during the autumn of Kazakhs continued guerrilla warfare, systematically attacking the orders, pickets and patrols, devastating villages sultans and disrupting communications. Then Kenesary troops are beginning to move into areas of the rivers and rgai Irgiz to unite with the forces of the Little Horde, led Zholaman. Batyr. Since the end of 1838 and is trading areas Irgiz become the main base of the Kazakh detachments. Kenesary and army unites the majority of births Middle and Junior zhuzes. The colonial administration, seeing the futility of punitive expeditions into the interior of the stele changes tactics and conclude a truce with the Kazakhs. In 1840 Kenesary received amnesty were returned from captivity, his relatives stopped punitive expeditions Russian troops have begun negotiations between the Kazakhs and the Russian government. Since 1840 a new stage of the liberation struggle associated with the revival of the Kazakh state. The meeting of representatives of the Kazakh tribes in Ulytau completed in September 1841 election Kenesary Khan. Kenesary Khan held a number of administrative and judicial reforms to strengthen the central government and the establishment of a solid rear to continue the fight. Khan worked at a consultative body - Hanskyy council, which included his companions. Were organized by the departments responsible for collecting taxes, military training, diplomatic correspondence. Special Assistant Khan - zhasauly were assigned to different genera and had to follow up on Khan's orders. The court had the right to deal only with Namibia, who had permission from the Kenesary. For all the nomadic population of the Khanate was defined tax "zeket" for agricultural 1 "ushur." Subordinated Kenesary Kazakh birth were exempt from taxes in favor of Russian and Kokand treasury. Reformed Khan and his army. When it appeared the Kazakhs artillery, Kazakhs began to explore on foot operation. From prisoners and runaway soldiers and officers Kenesary took over the foundations of Russian tactics. He first introduced the system of distinctions and awards distinguished warriors. Khan managed to create a disciplined, well-trained, mobile cavalry troop, numbering up to 20,000 people. Hostilities resumed in the desert in August 1843 T. A group of 5,000 men under the command of Colonel Bizanova fortress made of Sugar, the other teams came from Omsk, Petropavlovsk and Karkaralinsk. From the river Tobol made Otrado Sultan Ahmet Zhantyurina consisting of devotees tsarist Kazakhs. Skillfully maneuvering Kenesary pooped in the fighting squad Bizanova and forced him in September 1843 retreat in Orsk. In autumn 1845 Russian troops and troops loyal tsarist yeah, the Sultans started new offensive in the villages Kenesary. Stepping back to the south, Khan did not stop the fight against Russian troops, but the main forces were sent to war with Kokand. Joining forces with Batyr Zhankozha Nurmuhameduly, Kenesary began the liberation of Kazakh tribes, under the authority of Kokand. In winter 1846, kenesarintsev troops appeared in the encampments of the Great Horde on the Ili River and around Tau. Kenesary appealed to Kyrgyz Manapov, urging them to work together against Russia and Kokand. However, Kyrgyz, headed Manapov Ormonov, rejected his offer and began raids on villages, subordinate to Kenesary. Began a hard three-front war - against the Kokand troops, Kyrgyz and Russian troops. Kenesary troops entered in 1847 in the Kyrgyz land. Here Kazakh troops faced enormous difficulties. Ignorance of the terrain, the hostile attitude of the local population, the joint action of the Kyrgyz, and Russian troops kokandtsev predetermined defeat. The last battle Kenesary Kekpy up in the mountains, not far from Bishkek. Kazakhs were surrounded and Kokand Kyrgyz troops. Kenesary captured. Before his execution, he again turned to the Kyrgyz Manapov with a proposal to cease hostilities and join forces for a joint struggle against a common enemy, however, and this time Manapov declined his offer. West Siberian Governor-General Gorchakov awarded all distinguished themselves in the war Kyrgyz manaps, and the murderer Kenesary Manapov Caligula Alibekov, sent a letter of thanks, and gave him a silver medal. The heads of those killed in the battles of the Kazakh horsemen were sent as a gift Kokand Khan. Source: JO Artykbaev The history of Kazakhstan, Astana, 2004g.-159s.

35)ANTICOLONIAL REBELS IN THE 40-50’S IN XIX CENTURY UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF J.NURMUKHAMEDOV AND E.KOTEBAROV Rise of the Syrdarya Kazakhs led by Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov: In a very difficult position to the middle of the XIX century were Kazakhs, who were coaching in the Syr Darya, they experienced almost double oppression - on the one hand from the Khiva and Kokand khanates, and on the other,from the Russian colonial policy Back in 1843, led by the head of the shekty genus Zhanhozha Nurmukhamedoa Khiva was destroyed fortress on Kuvandarya, and in spring 1845 was split squad of Khivans, numbering about two thousand people, sent to her recovery. Also it was taken Jana kala fortress . In 1847, 1848 it helped Russian armies to beat off time and again hivins from strengthening Raim - the first fortress of the Syr-Darya strengthened line. But the Syr-Darya line to the middle of XIX-th century became actively lived by cossacks and peasants - immigrants from Russia. It has led to withdrawal of the big areas of the earth from Kazakhs. Strengthening of colonial oppression has led to an agrarian question aggravation, growth of taxes , arbitrariness strengthening tsarism administration. Relations with the Khivan khanate considering this region by sphere of the influence have become aggravated also. Rise of the Syrdarya Kazakhs began in 1856, it was headed by one of the leaders of the shekty genus, participant of Kenesary Kasymov’s uprising, Zhanhozha Nurmukhamedov brother, who was over 90 years old. By the end of 1856 the whole area was covered Kazaly uprising, Zhanhozha with up to 1,500 soldiers besieged Kazalinskiy outpost destroyed Soldatskaya suburb. Against rebels were sent troops under the Mikhailov and major Bulatov, but their attacks were unsuccessful. Then, on the suppression of the rebellion was thrown detachment of Major General Fitingof of 300 Cossacks and 320 soldiers with artillery. January 9, 1857 in the tract Arykbalyk was a decisive battle, in which the rebels were defeated, although their number reached 5,000. Zhanhozha with the remnants of the rebels had to cross to the right bank of the Syr Darya and go to the limits of the Khanate of Khiva. He's gone up to 20 villages. Thus the uprising of Syrdarya Kazakhs ended. Chastisers looted villages, only one cattle were driven 21,400 heads. Performances led by Yesset Kotibarov: For many years the troops of batyr Yesset Kotibarov had provided resistance to the royal authorities, so June 18, 1847 in the area of ​​the river Emba he attacked the punitive expedition from Orenburg, but was defeated by the superior forces of the enemy was forced to retreat. Yesset - didn’t stop fighting until the fall of 1858, In September 1858 in the area Shoshka-Kol Yesset Kotibarov agreed with the proposal of the Kazakh elders and went to Orenburg guilt. Royal executioners continued to rage in the desert, robbed Kazakh villages. The struggle of the South Kazakhstan Kazakhs against the oppression of the feudal lords of Kokand: South Kazakhstan in those years, too, was engulfed in anti-colonial liberation movement. Kokand lords together with the local feudal and tribal tip brutally exploited workers Kazakhs. The population was taxed exorbitant taxes. Outrage kokandtsev caused dissatisfaction and protest Kazakh masses. In May 1858 the rebellion began to spread to other parts of southern Kazakhstan. The rebels occupied the fortress Suzak, Merka, Chulak-Kurgan, surrounded by Yana-Kurgan and Turkestan. Fearing a further development of the national movement, the Kazakh feudal lords came to terms with the Kokand lords. They betrayed the rebels. In July 1858 the Kazakh Namibia led by Kana went to Kokand, where they were received Hudiyarom Khan, who has made some concessions. Tashkent ruler instead of the hated people of Mirza-Ahmed was appointed the younger brother Murad Khan-Atalyk, Kokand government sent more troops against the rebels and brutally suppressed the uprising. Character: Performances of Kazakh sharua led by Yesset Kotibarov, as Syrdarya eginshi (farmers) led by Zhanhozha Nurmukhamedov, were local, natural performances against the tsarist regime. Rise of the Kazakhs in 1858 against Kokand feudal oppression was the people's liberation.