20 . Karluk: ethnopolitical history, economy, and culture.

In 759 the power in Zhetisu transferred to a Turkic tribe – to karluks.

Karluks, settled on slopes of Altai, were a part of the Western Khaganate and had the governor – an elteber. With power loosening of kagan all of them more aimed at independence, periodically lifting revolts and transferring in citizenship east kagans. After falling of the West Turkic khaganate karluks got under influence of China, their leaders accepted the Chinese titles, but the relative independence remained. Since the beginning of the 8th century they move on Zhetysu's territory. The interference of karluks groups allowed to win Talas fight in 751 y. After a row of victories over tyurgeshs and east Turkic peoples the karluks governor was recognized as "the tsar of Altai". In 758 y karluks began war in Zhetysu against tyurgeshs and in seven years, having seized Suyab, transferred here the capital.

In 791 y Uyghurs crushed karluks at Beshbalyk, and next year karluks were broken by Arabs in Fergana. In 798y to Uyghurs obeyed western karluks, and in 812 y jabgu the Uyghur underwent a checkmate, and armies reached Fergana. Only after Uyguriya's defeat in 840 karluks was succeeded to be released. Ispidzhab's governor jabgu Bilge-Kyul Kadyr the khan accepted a title kagan and declared independence of karluks. Solidifying of karluks disturbed the dynasty approved in Central Asia Samanidov. In 840 g the governor of Samarkand declared "sacred war" against Turkic peoples, seized Ispidzhab which became center of distribution of Islam in the Southern Kazakhstan.

History of Karluks khanate was short. In 940 the capital of the state of Balasagun was locked by Turkic peoples of East Turkestan – by chigils and yagma, and the Karluksky khanate ceased to exist.

The culture of the population of a khaganate of this period is provided by two directions. The first – the material and the second – spiritual culture.

The material culture consists of subjects and the products which are meeting the need the material needs of the people. Dwellings, clothes, food, ware, the weapon, different tools and instrument of labor concern to her. Along with use of yurts karluks built in places of winterings constant winter dwellings of a stone, a cane and a tree, dug also dugouts.

As a result of close connections nomadic karluks to settled population of Central Asia in their material culture there were considerable changes. Besides, the Great Silk way lying through the territory of a khaganate has a great impact.

Attitude, inner world, religious beliefs, language, customs and the traditions which are passing from father to son belong to

21. The Karakhanid state: sources and history of the study, economy, and culture

State Karakhanids: ethno-political history, socio-economic development and cultural renaissance.

The founder Satuq Bogra Khan. In 942, he was deposed ruler in Balasagun and declared himself the supreme Hagan. The main tribe - Karluk and Yagma, Chigils. The state is divided into numerous fiefdoms, specific rulers had more rights until minting its own coins. Political life - strife, civil strife. In the 30's, the XI century. divided into 2 parts: the Western Khanate - Bukhara, east - Balasagun. In the XII century. Karakitaj won the Seven Rivers, then the rest of ownership karaganid. In 1210 against the Naiman cut short the eastern Karakhanid dynasty. Military Administration was separated from the administrative, hierarchical principle. Ikta - the right to levy taxes. Extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralism, but in the south part of the transition to farming tribes. The spread was Islam - the state religion. The addition of the new Turkish alphabet based on the Arabic script. Muslim literature in the Turkic language (Balasaguni, Kashgar).

Education of Karakhanids. Around 940 families of the Tien Shan captured Balasagun and overthrew karlykskogo Hagan, marked the beginning of a new dynasty. One of the first rulers of the new state Satuq Bograhan Lbdulkerim - converted to Islam and runaway title Karahan, in which all the dynasty was named Karakhanids. The rulers of the Khanate in 990 attached Taraz and Isfidzhab. By the end of the X century. developed area Khanate, which extended from Amutsari and lower reaches of the Syr Darya and in the west to Zhetisu and Kashgar in the east. Major role in the state played karlykskie tribes Chigils and Yagma. Khanate was divided into two large inheritance. Supreme Hagan with the title Arslan Khan Kari according to tradition was the ruler of the eastern part of the state, his residence was in Balasagun, Second Hagan with the title of Bogra Kara Khan owned the western part of the residence in g, Taraz. Rulers of small principalities had the title "Ilek" and "tegin." They were independent in all matters of supreme Hagan, some of them were minted their own coins and conducted diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. The power is not transmitted by inheritance, but by so-called "ladder system" - from the older to the younger brother.

In 999 Ilek Nasr completed the conquest of Transoxiana, but Balkh Karlyk suffered a crushing defeat by Gaznevids Sultan and gave up the gains to the south of the Amu Darya. Soon strife among Karakhanids began between the two branches of the descendants of Ali-iHasana. These feuds took advantage of nomadic Khitan. owned Central Asia. In 1017g. Kilani invaded Zhetisu and almost reached Balasaguna. But the governor karaganid Tugan Khan forced them to retreat to the east, and after three months of persecution broke them.

Easing karaganid. During the reign of the weak and spineless Arslan Khan authority of the central government was finally blown up, and the war between the rulers of principalities became commonplace, matter. In 1056 Arslan Khan launched a war against his brother Bogra Khan, but. was captured, lost their possessions. Kbragim his son was killed in the war with the ruler of Barskhana Yanal-orphans as a son of Bogra Khan was poisoned by his wife. After that, the ruler Zhetisu and Kashgar became Tughril Karahan Yusuf, who along with his brother Harun Bogra Khan waged war with Shemsul-Mulk Nasr, the ruler of an independent Maurya. The war ended with the world, and borders. The western and eastern Karahanids passed on the Syr Darya.

Soon Transoxiana came under the power of the Seljuk sultans, who took in 1089 Bukhara and Samarkand, but not abolished the local dynasty Karakhanids. Zhetisu same with the 30's of the XII century, became subject to constant raids by the Khitan.

In 1141g. after the defeat of the combined Seljuk-karaha-Nida troops political power passed into the hands of the rulers kidanskih. However, for some time kept Karakhanids vassalage to the Khitan, and only at the beginning of the XIII century. karaganid state ceased to exist. Karahanid period of domination in Kazakhstan is characterized by shifts in the economic and cultural life of the Turkic-speaking tribes. Its territory is marked subsidence Turkic nomads. Developed settlements and cities, respectively, and urban culture. In Qarakhanid State has formed a new political system. Islam is the state religion, the Arabic script was adopted, replacing dresnetyurkskuyu writing. Overall Karakhanid era represented a qualitatively new stage in the socio-economic, political and cultural life of our ancestors.

The main occupation of the population, nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralism. However, in 11-12 cc. some Turkic tribes passed to farming. In the ideology - the religious beliefs of ancient Turkic. Islam was spread adopted Khanate in 960 as the state religion. Islamization has led to the ousting of Ancient Literature and the addition of the new script based on Arabic grafiki.Rost self Turkic ethnic groups in Karakhanids led to the emergence of Islamic literature in the Turkic language (M.Kashgari, Yu.Balasaguni)

Conclusion: In general Karakhanid era represented a qualitatively new stage in all spheres of society. Only turmoil period Mongol conquest interrupted the natural process of intention? Tivshegosya development. Islamization, especially the southern regions of Kazakhstan, the penetration of the Muslim religion? Nomadic energy in an aristocratic environment led to the ousting of the ancient Turkic runic writing and the addition of new Turkic writing in Arabic script. The growth of self-Turkic ethnic groups in Karakhanids led to the emergence of Islamic literature in the Turkic language.

spiritual culture. At karluks such tradition was widespread, to set stone sculptures on graves of ancestors.

In economic life of a khanate the big role was played by the sogdiysk cities. Trade relations developed, diplomatic trips were carried out. One of trade ways lay through Bukhara, Samarkand, Shash, Taraz, Kulan, Suyab and left deep into East Turkestan.

22) Internal and external policies of the Kazakh state in the XVI century/ Authorities. The highest legislature in the Kazakh khanate I possessed маслихат - congress of sultans and representatives of communities. Maslikhat gathered once a year and resolved the most important state issues - conclusion of peace, declaration of war, redistribution of pastures, definition of routes of a kochevaniye.

All completeness of executive power was in hands of the khan. The khan was elected maslikhaty of estate to a Torah - Genghis Khan descendants and fulfilled the duties of B XV-XV1 of centuries the Kazakh khans possessed the large powers following from functions executed by them. So, the khan as the Supreme Commander, could declare war makes the peace, dispose of all territory of the khanate, to appoint heads of uluses and governors of the subject cities. Besides, the khan possessed the right to pronounce the death sentence to the citizens and to issue laws and orders, obligatory khanates for all population.

At the khan there was a council a biyev-advisory body into which the most authoritative entered Biya and representatives of associations of communities.

The Kazakh khanate in the 20-30th of the XVI century. After Kasym's death the Kazakh khanate broke up to some possession. Territories on the average Syr-Darya Current Togym the khan, grandson Kasyma owned. In 1538 Togym the khan with all posterity was killed, and on its place son Kasyma - Hak-Nazar (1538-1580) was elected.

Hak-Nazar khan of Achievement: Khanate strengthening. Recession of civil strifes. Territorial wars with Mogulistan, the Nogai horde and Bukhara.

Fight for Semirechye (against ойратов and могулов), for Northern lands – with Nogais, Bashkirs, Tatars (they were a part of the khanate, having refused to accept Russian citizenship). 1555-1558gg. - Hakk-Nazar's armies kept in the constant suspense of masters of Tashkent. Development of cattle breeding and zemeledelchesky farms, trade relations. In the northeast Hakk-Nazar resisted to armies калмаков. Creation of the military block against Kuchuk hana. Expansion of contacts with Russia (Russians посольстваот Ivan IV Groznogo)

Territorial changes: Borders of the khanate changed not only depending on military and diplomatic abilities, victories and defeats, but, generally from foreign policy circumstances. It was succeeded to take over the control of lands from Syr-Darya, Priaralya to Emba and to Yaik's left bank, having accepted under the power part of the Nogai uluses.

The Kazakh khanate at the end of the XVI century. After Hak-Nazar's death the power passed to Tauyekel.

Achievements: Tauyekel Razbil of the Kalmyks who have intruded on the territory of east and southeast Kazakhstan. By 1586-1594 – I approved the power in fight against opponents (sultans). Fight for an exit to shopping centers of Central Asia. Successful conclusion of long fight for the Syr-Darya cities. Concludes a military alliance with Moscow against the Uzbek khan. Diplomatic relations with Russia.

Territorial changes: Capture by Kazakhs of the Syr-Darya cities, Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand and on short времы Fergana.