(VortAc)

20. Describe the procedure of following inbound/outbound. Air navigation. Airborne navaids

11. What is INS? What does INS compute?

(A totally self contained aid which uses gyros and accelerometers to measure continuosly the acceleration of an aircraft and from this computes velocity and position information)

12. How does INS direct the aircraft?

( InS equipment automaticaly stabilizes aircraft to true north )

13. Does Inertial Navigation System have any ground stations?

(No)

14. What is transponder? Why is transponder very helpful for ATC?

( the transponder is not a navigational aid in the true sense , but it is very helpful. The transponder helps the ATC to track targets that may return an echo too weak to display)

15. What modes does it have? What are they used for?

(A – identification, B – in military use, C – altitude, S – datalink)

16. What do you know about mode “S” datalink?

(is an air/ground data comunication facility using modern SSR technlogy)

17. What does SSR stand for? What is it used for?

(easy to get AFT identification without requesting 30 degrees turn from the original position)

18. VOR can operate more accurately using additional NAVAID. What aid increases the VOR accuracy?

(Accuracy is increased by the addition of Dopler)

19. What does TCAS stand for? What is its function? What two resolutions does it issue in case of assumed collision?

(This equipment reacts to the transpomders of other aircraft in the vicinity to determine whether or not it is potential for a collision)

20. What is the difference between TA(Traffic Advisory) and RA(Resolution Advosory)?

(Traffic Advisory warning indicates where the pilot must look for the traffic.

Resolution Advisory gives the pilot advice to climb or descend)

Aviation meteorology

1. What is flight safetysubject to in terms of meteorology?

2. Why must pilots have knowledge of weather behaviour?

(To avoid hazardous flight conditions, pi­lots have to be aware of the atmosphere and of weather behavior.)

3. What are meteorological predictions based on?

(Based upon movements of large air masses and local conditions at points where weather stations are located )

4. Define atmosphere.

(Ocean of air)

5. What layers does the atmosphere have? For what purpose is it divided?

(Upper layer and lower layer, for flight purposes)

6. What kind of motion in the atmospheredo pressure and temperature changes produce?

7. Why air motions should be of primary interest to the pilot?

8. What is a surface wind?

(Near the earth surface)

9. At what height is surface wind measured?

(Is measured at 10 meters)

10. What should a pilot flying through turbulence anticipate?

( pilot should anticipate the bumpy )

11. What does the intensity of turbulence depend on?

(depends upon the size of the obstacle and the velocity of the wind of the wind )

12. On what side is it more favourable to approach the hill or the moutain –

on the windward or on the leeward and why?

(in approaching a hill or mountain from leeward side a pilot should gain enough altitude well in advance . )

13. Why is the wind blowing on the windward side more favourable in approaching a hill or mountain than the wind blowing on the leeward side?

14. At whatheight is it recommended to clear mountain ridges and peaks?

(700m)

15. What is wind shear?

(Change in wind direction and or speed within a very short distance in the atmosphere)

16. What hazards can wind shear cause?

(2 potentially hazardous situations)

17. Name the most important meteorological phenomena that cause significant low-level wind shear problems.

(thunderstorms and certain frontal systems near the airport)

18. Define eddy.

( is a gust порыв with change in direction and speed)

19. What is a moving front?

(Which boundaries are moving)

20. What is a stationary front?

(Which boundaries are not moving )

21. What is the difference between cold and warm fronts?

( warm front usually has hight humidity')

22. What is occluded front?

( this is a condition in which an air mass is trapped between two colder air masses and forced aloft to higher levels )

23. What phenomena usually accompany thunderstorms?

( are accompanied by thunder , lightning , heavy rain showers and hail)

24. What types of clouds are associated with thunderstorms?

(With cumulonimbus clouds)

25. What dangers can thunderstorms cause?

(Severe windshear, icing , turbulence. Damage from lightning strike, interference to radio)

26. What is dew point?

( is the temperature ti which air must be cooled to become saturated)

27. What is fog?

( when the air near the ground is four or five degrees above the dew point , the water vapor condenses and becomes visible as fog, mist)

28. What is mist? What is the difference between fog and mist?

(The difference beetween mist and fog is: mist exists if the visibility exceeds 1 km . Fog exists if it falls below 1 km )

29. What is ceiling?

( is defined as the height above the surface to the base of the lowest layer of clouds)

30. What is visibility?

( the greatest horizontal distanse at which objects can bee seen with the naked eye.)

31. What precepitation do you know?

(rain , drizzle, snow, hail, freezing rain)

32. What are the two categories of weather information?

(Forecasts and reports)

33. What forecasts doyou know?

(Area forecasts, aerodrome forecasts, special forecasts)

34. What reports do you know?

(Aerodrome weather reports, metars. Automatic Terminal Information(ATIS) , In flight Weather Reports (Volmet)

35. What kinds of wind do you know?

( surface wind, tail, headwind, crosswind, winshear)

36. What kinds of fog do you know?

(Thick(Плотный) thin(редкий) dence(густой) , ground fog)