8. Oral interpretation(its main types) Types of interpretation

There are 2 subtypes of oral communication (as a process of communication):-Sequential (consecutive interpretation).-Immediate (simultaneous interpretation). There is another division:Escort translation. The interpreter accompanies the person. The situation is rather friendly, no tension. He knows, what he is going to speak of, knows the place of interest, gets prepared, can chose the necessary expressions or even learn his speech by heart. The only be in the ointment is the necessity to answer the questions.Sequential translation. It depends upn the nature of the conference. We can prepare to the conference, but the preparation will be of general kind. This happens bcos he doesn’t exactly know the topic of the discussion. He doesn’t know exactly, what is the lng level of the speaker. He may speak idiomatic lng. The speaker will not think of the speed. If this is an academic discussion, the translator should adopt not his speech, but his psyche to the situation. He has to use his intuition. He should adopt the personal style of the speaker. They won’t forgive you, if you can’t interpret a metaphor.Immediate translation. It’s done without pauses, at the same rate as the speaker talks. If the translation is done in a room with special equipment, the interpreter doesn’t see the speaker. Nobody pays any attention to the style. He should know many clichés. (They make speech more idiomatic & help to think over smth.Sight translation. It is usually done in court or at conferences. It means translating documents, that haven’t been given to the translator beforehand, bcos any of the parties may consider it profitable pot to let the other party know the content of the document. The interpreter should provide a good working version of the document under the question. Sight translation can be very different; bcos the situation dominates the process. The translator may be occasionally called upon to compare the documents in SL & TL. This happens most often in case of legal documents. This is a very important task. The translator should be familiar with both cultures. Another exercise occurs when a client is overwhelmed by high amount of material in foreign lng & he invites the translator to give him the summary on the spot. In this case precision is the most important thing. In this case you are not allowed to compress. It’s literal translation & the thing is that if you don’t know a word & think it’s necessary you may ask for recognition to use the dictionary. Oral interpretation demands the following “shall”:- Exceptional articulation- High comfort speaking level in front of the audience- Public speaking experience- The ability to retain one or two points while listening to new information & then reproduce entire message- The ability to summarize the main points of smth being said- Experience in one or more technical areas- Complete ease in both lngsInterpreting can take place in the following environments:Conference. It’s a case when many people discuss a topic & sometimes they do it simultaneously. People interrupt each other & the translator should keep track of the main ideas & disregard repetitions. At the same time he should look for periods of time when he can sum up the previous information to precede the further. A translator is a kind of master of ceremony. Meeting. They are usually held in a more orderly manner. The translator may resort to simultaneous translation; bcos people will keep special pauses. You’re going to discuss conditions not issues. Precision is necessary & you can discuss your clients’ intentions beforehand.Telecom. It doesn’t give you the atmosphere of the conference you don’t feel it. Such meetings aren’t full of undercurrents, which are very important for the translator. You should listen through the lines.OPI interpretation. Americans use it very often (24 hours a day service). The service enables the speakers to communicate by phone in a 3-way conference call, including the interpreter. This service is used mainly for business. This kind of interpretation is rather difficult. The interpreter doesn’t see the speakers & isn’t able to learn anything about topic of conversation beforehand. Speakers can switch over to any related theme & they may be illogical. The translator should use compressed lng bcos the speakers pay for a minute.

9. Translation as a process and communication Translation as a process:

T is a complex dichotomous (раздвоенный) and cumulative process, which involves a host of activities drawing upon other disciplines related to language, writing, linguistics and culture. This multi-disciplinary process suggests that three major activities run concomitantly (параллельно):

Transfer of data from the source lang-ge to the target lang-ge.

Synchroanalysis of text and translation and research of subject matter. Continuous self-development and learning.

Translation as communication: T is a communication process, which involves the transfer of a message from a source lang-ge to a target lang-ge. Text linguistics, which is concerned with the ways the parts of text are organized and related to one another in order to form a meaningful whole, is useful for analysis of the translation process and the transfer of meaning from one lang-ge to another. De Beaugrande and Dressier (1981) define the text as a communicative occurance, which meets seven standards of textuality. These standards of textual communication are cohesion (сочленение, единство – means that every part of the text has the place in it according to the informative importance it possesses and the role it plays eliciting the purpose of the author), coherence (состыковывание, последовательность – all sorts of connectives, that register the position of the meaningful parts of the text), intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality. However, according to Widdowson (1979) a text cannot be an occurrence since it has no mechanism of its own, but can only be achieved by a human agency. It doesn’t itself communicate but rather provides the means of achieving communication. Moreover, Hatim defines a text as a stretch of linguistic material, which maps on the surface a set of mutually relevant communicative intentions.

NB: T should possess adequacy and equivalence.

10. Translatability\untranslatability as an issue and a problem.

Scholars say that to some part translation (T) is impossible for several reasons:

1No two languages having the same phonology; it’s impossible to recreate the sounds of a work composed in one lang-ge in another lang-ge.

2No two lang-ges having the same syntactic structures; it’s impossible to recreate the syntax of a work composed in one lang-ge into another lang-ge. Syntax is an aspect of grammar that reflects for the most part the mentality of an ethnic group, it represents cultural aspect, because people express their ideas differently. Ex.: the position of theme\rheme. Not the structure of a sentence only – super phrasal units reflect the same logical structure of utterances, that is graphically delineated (изображать, очерчивать) as a paragraph. The division of a text into paragraphs exists in many lang-ges.

3No two lang-ges having the same vocabulary. Still, T is possible, it exists, it’s a real business. T is a matter of gains and loses.

4No two lang-ges having the same literary history, it’s impossible to recreate the literary forms of one culture in the lang-ge and literary culture of another. Ex.: повесть=novelette, long story.

5No two lang-ges having the same prosody (prosody – pauses, etc, in writing it is expressed by the punctuation marks. It’s a mark of meaning.) of a literary work composed in one lang-ge in another lang-ge.

T exists as a means to connect nations. T has an “unnatural nature”. The process of T needs an intermediary(посредник). What the translator has to render? The word culture means more than the culture of 2 or more ethnic groups. We come to the conclusion that:

T is more about people than about word.

T is more about jobs people do and the way they see their world than it is about registers and sign systems.

T is more about creative imagination than it is about rule-governed text analysis.

T is more like an actor or a musician (a performer) than like a tape recorder.

The text is analyzed by a translator and divided into meaningful parts. Every meaningful part is evaluated and being sent to the recipient as a restructured and reorganized entity. This restructured and reorganized entity is accepted by the recipient as a target lang-ge (TL) text. T is the process of reorganizing and restructuring cultural units in order to make understandable what you mean. The theory of T is divided into general theory, which deals with general characteristics of T, regardless of the type of T, special branches, concerning with a theoretical description and analysis of various types of T, such as the T of fiction, poetry, technical and scientific literature, official documents and so on. The theory of T has a clearly defined subject matter - the process of T. it also includes the results of T such as texts. The theory of T deals with what is common to all types of T and with the specific characteristics of all genres.