Ex 4 Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. What is computer-aided design?

2. What are the advantages of CAD?

3. What are vector and raster graphics used for?

4. What does the output documentation contain?

5. What do three-dimensional space packages allow the designer to do?

6. What hardware requirements are there and why?

7. What examples of CAD packages does the text contain?

Ex 5. Match the words in the columns a and b.

A rotate manual technical mathematical two-dimensional create design improve raster

B graphics space modelling a database drafting drawing the quality solids the object

Ex 6 Translate the sentences paying attention to the word ‘number.’

1. I don’t know the number of CDs they have, but it is certainly large.

2. Arabic number system has been used in Europe for centuries.

3. Could I see the latest number of Nature?

4. One, three, five are odd numbers; two, four, six are even numbers.

5. Just as with the executable file, the module headers are full of binary numbers.

6. This solution has a number of disadvantages in some situations.

7. Base 10 numbers are used for most mathematical purposes.

8. A large number of students take part in the competition every year.

9. It’s a small village and the houses are not numbered.

Ex 7 Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents, then use them to complete the sentences below.

calculating facilities produce a solution obvious issues draught and displacement internal capacity prove troublesome stress level effects of fatigue

осадка и водоизмещение оказаться проблемным степень напряженности вместимость влияние усталости вычислительные мощности найти решение очевидные вопросы

1. We were able to _______ for the problem only after making many experiments.

2. _______ are very important parameters for any kind of vessel.

3. The structure was old, and the _______ had made it very unreliable.

4. This equipment _______, and we decided to replace it.

5. Calculating the _______ is a difficult physical problem.

6. The new computer centre has good _______.

7. There are some _______ here, and some other, which you don’t often meet with.

8. To carry so much cargo, the vessel must have more _______.

Ex 8 Read the text and answer the questions.

employ – использовать, нанимать enable – давать возможность ensure – обеспечивать

internal – внутренний sleek – гладкий, без изломов wiring – электропроводка

1. How do CAD and CAM work?

2. What ship characteristics can be computed?

3. How are computers used in the production process?

The powerful calculating facilities of modern computers are nowadays widely used in ship design to test new ideas and to optimise the construction processes. The computer is a saver of thousands of hours of calculations which had to be done manually before. Both computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) use electronic data processing to analyse the requirements which the design needs to meet and to produce the best possible solutions. The high working speed of modern computers enables the naval architect to consider a large number of alternatives.

There are few areas of ship design that cannot be simulated by CAD. Apart from the obvious issues of draught and displacement, and the compromise between the sleekness of the ship’s underwater lines and her internal capacity, other features such as stability, speed and water resistance can be computed. Importantly, features that have proved successful in other designs can be employed and tested, thus ensuring a continuum of technical progress. Elements which have proved troublesome in earlier designs can be improved. The computer also enables the naval architect to test the design for strength and stress levels and the effects of fatigue during the ship’s lifetime. In this way the design can be improved well before any steel is cut or parts are manufactured.

Models of the ship’s internal parts can also be built up on the screen. They allow the engineers to find the best way of installing the vessel’s systems, such as pipe-work and wiring. Other programs can ensure that steel is cut economically, that the sections are assembled in exactly the right order, and that all the necessary parts are available when they are needed.