3. Переведите текст со словарём.

4. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

ценные ресурсы, материальное имущество, сообщество, известно как, общее согласие, доступный, уровень, измерять ,оценивать в показателях, хозяйство.

5.Вставьте в предложения подходящие по смыслу слова: scarce, invest,incomes.

1. Water resources are getting more and more … in the world now.

2. … of population will grow.

3. If the country … more money in education, living standards will be higher.

TEXT VIII

Interest

Interest is a fee paid by a borrower of assets to the owner as a form of compensation for the use of the assets. It is the price for the use of borrowed money, or money earned by deposited funds. When money is borrowed, interest is typically paid to the lender as a percentage of the principal, the amount owed to the lender. The percentage of the principal that is paid as a fee over a certain period of time (typically one month or year) is called the interest rate. A bank deposit will earn interest because the bank is paying for the use of the deposited funds. Assets include money, shares, consumer goods through hire purchase, major assets are aircrafts, and even entire factories. The interest is calculated upon the value of the assets in the same manner as upon money. Interest is compensation to the lender for: a) credit risk) and b) forgoing other investments the lender could make with the loaned asset. These investments are known as the opportunity cost. Instead of the lender using the assets directly, they are advanced to the borrower. In economics, interest is considered the price of credit. Interest is often compounded, which means that interest is earned on prior interest in addition to the principal. The total amount of debt grows exponentially, and its mathematical study led to the discovery of the number

Задания к тексту VIII

1.Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомните их значения: interest – доход с капитала/процентная ставка, borrow – ссужать/ занимать, assets – капитал/активы, earn – заработать, lender – кредитор, percentage of the principal – процент с основной суммы, owe – быть должным, interest rate – процентная ставка, share - акция, through hire purchase – покупка в рассрочку, upon the value of the assets – на ценность активов, forgoing – отказ от, investment - капиталовложение, loaned - одолженные, opportunity cost – высокий альтернативный доход, advance – предоставить деньги кому-либо, compound – частично погашать, exponentially – экспоненциально/ в геометрической прогрессии.

2.Определите значение следующих слов, не пользуясь словарём: compensation, bank deposit, finance, risk, credit, mathematical.

3. Переведите текст со словарём.

4. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: форма компенсации, взятые в долг деньги, депозитные фонды, в течение определенного периода времени,

5.Вставьте в предложения подходящие по смыслу слова: spent on, banks, taxes.

1. Very much money is … on the new equipment.

2. The … fell last year.

3. Some … have given scholarships to students.

ТЕКСТ IX

TYPES OF MARKETS.

Although many markets exist in the traditional sense – such as a flea market, there are various other types of them and various organizational structures to assist their functions. A market can be organized as a complex institution such as stock market, as an auction, and as an informal discussion between two individuals. In economics, a market that runs under laissez-faire policies is a free market. It is “free” in the sense that the government makes no attempt to intervene through taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, etc. Markets may be distorted by a seller or sellers with monopoly power, or a buyer with monopsony power. Also the level of organization or negotiation power of buyers, markedly affects the functioning of the market. Markets where price negotiations do not arrive at efficient outcomes for both sides are said to experience market failure. Most markets are regulated by state wide laws and regulations. While barter markets exist, most markets use currency or some other form of money. Markets of varying types can spontaneously arise whenever the party has interest in a good or service that some other party can provide. Hence there can be a market for cigarettes in correctional facilities, another for chewing gum in a playground, and yet another for the contracts for the future delivery of a commodity. There can be black markets, where a good is exchanged illegally and virtual markets, in which buyers and sellers do not physically interact. There can also be markets for goods under a command economy despite pressure to repress them.

Задания к тексту IX

1.Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомните их значения: flea market – блошиный рынок, stock market – фондовая биржа, laissez-faire policies – политика невмешательства, prices ceiling – потолок цен, monopsony – рынок одного покупателя, failure - неплатежеспособность, currency - валюта, hence – в связи с этим, facilities - помещения, commodity – товары широкого потребления.

2.Определите значение следующих слов, не пользуясь словарём: traditional, auction, subsidies, monopoly, spontaneously, command economy.