3. Переведите текст со словарём.

4. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: отрасль экономики, принимать решения, безработица, механизмы рынка, приводить к эффективному результату.

5.Вставьте в предложения подходящие по смыслу слова: by means of, prices, economics

1. The … for fuel are very high.

2. Economists study situations from real life by means of … .

3. Now … is more complex.

TEXT II

Basic forms of ownership

Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, and every business must choose the legal form of business that best meets its needs. There are several common forms:

• Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is an organization owned and usually operated by a single individual. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others.

• Partnership: A partnership is a business operated by two or more people as co-owners. The three typical classifications of partnerships are: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.

• Corporation: A corporation is a legal entity separate from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately-owned, and corporations can organize either for-profit or not-for-profit. Corporation ownership is represented by shares of stock in the firm. Not all corporations are large-scale enterprises. The corporate form is used by many small companies.

• Cooperative: A cooperative is a limited liability business that can be organized for-profit or not-for-profit. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives.

• • Задания к тексту II

1.Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомните их значения: ownership - – владение, jurisdiction - юрисдикция, sole proprietorship – единоличная собственность, , owner – владелец, employ – предоставлять работу, partnership – товарищество, , co-owner – совладелец, general partnership –товарищество с неограниченной ответственностью, limited partnership – ограниченное товарищество, limited liability partnership – товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью, legal entity– юридическое лицо, for-profit - коммерческий, shares of stock - акции, large-scale - крупномасштабный, consume - потребительский.

2.Определите значение следующих слов, не пользуясь словарём: form, legal, individual, classification, corporation, cooperative.

3. Переведите текст со словарём.

4. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: удовлетворять требованиям, управлять самому или самой, или…или.

5.Вставьте в предложения подходящие по смыслу слова: goods|services, consumers, markets.

1. People produce … and … .

2. The development of … is important for an economist

3. … buy goods from manufactures.

TEXT III

Agricultural economics

Agricultural economics has been one of the leading branches of applied economics. In order to understand agricultural economics it is necessary to know how crops are sown, cultivated, fertilized, and harvested, how livestock are bred, raised and sold. One of the main characteristics of agricultural sector is great dependence on natural conditions, such as climate, weather, soil, etc. The productivity in agricultural sector is being raised as fast in economy as a whole. The main reasons for rising efficiency are: 1) better agricultural technology; 2) better capital inputs, such as machinery;3) achievements in the biological sciences. However there are two main factors limiting further rise of efficiency: increasing energy scarcity, and loss of topsoil, and water. Unlike incomes in most industries, farm incomes vary from year to year. They depend on water conditions and changes in demand and supply of most farm products. All these problems are considered by agricultural economics. In terms of technical changes, there have been increasingly rapid developments and innovations in the equipment designed for agricultural research. This equipment includes instruments for plant research, and monitoring soil conditions and atmospheres, allows us to think more analytically and make better decisions in the market place.

Задания к тексту III

1.Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомните их значения: applied economics – прикладная экономика, fertilize – удобрять, livestock – с/х животные,to breed (bred) – разводить породы, to raise – выращивать, to dependence on – зависимость от, as a whole – в целом,capital inputs – капиталовложения, scarcity - дефицит, topsoil – верхний слой почвы, income – доход, demand and supply – спрос и предложение, to be considerd by – рассматриваться ( кем/чем)., in terms of – (зд.) в рамках, rapid – быстрый, monitoring – комплексная система контроля и оценки, to make decision – принимать решение.

2.Определите значение следующих слов, не пользуясь словарём: characteristics, sector, climate, technology, machinery, factor, innovation.