Министерство сельского хозяйства российской федерации

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «РОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ АГРАРНЫЙ ЗАОЧНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Экономический факультет

Кафедра иностранных языков

Иностранный язык (английский)

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ ТЕКСТОВ

Студентам 1 (1*), 2 курсов направления подготовки бакалавров

230700 – «Прикладная информатика»

080100 – «Экономика»

Москва 2012

Составитель: доцент Тютрина т.А., ст. Пр. Пищулина г.П.

УДК 378(075.8)

Английский язык: Методические указания для чтения текстов/ Рос. гос. аграр. заоч. ун-т; Сост. доцент Тютрина Т.А., ст. пр. Пищулина Г.П. – М., 2012

Предназначены для студентов 1 (1*), 2-го курсов

Утверждены методической комиссией экономического факультета РГАЗУ

Рецензенты: - доцент в. В.Савина , доцент а. В. Мариничева; - доцент Мукина а.Н., старш. Препод. Пищулина г.П.

Введение

Методические указания и задания для чтения текстов по специальности составлены в соответствии с требованиями Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования, утвержденного Министерством образования и науки РФ по направлению подготовки бакалавров, с учетом примерной программы по дисциплине и рабочих учебных планов, утвержденных ученым советом.

Методические разработки для чтения текстов по специальности предназначены для самостоятельной работы в межсессионный период для студентов-заочников 1(1*), 2 курсов направления подготовки бакалавров 080100 – «Экономика»; 230700 «Прикладная информатика». Цель данных разработок — развить у студентов навык чтения специального текста в соответствии с требованиями программы. Методические разработки включают тексты для чтения по специальности со словарем и послетекстовые задания к ним. Послетекстовые задания предусматривают снятие грамматических и лексических трудностей путем проработки данных заданий.

Чтение текста проверяется преподавателем при явке студентов на лабораторно-экзаменационную сессию или в межсессионный период в часы консультаций.

тексты для чтения направления подготовки 230700 – ««Прикладная информатика»

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Text I

A computer system consists of two parts: the software and the hardware. The software is the information in the form of data and program instructions. The hardware components are the electronic and mechanical parts of the system. The basic structure of a computer system is made up of three main hardware sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory, and the peripherals.

The CPU is a microprocessor chip which executes program instructions and coordinates the activities of all the other components. In order to improve the computer’s performance, the user can add expansion cards for video, sound and networking.

The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU.

The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include input/output devices as well as storage devices. Input devices enable us to present information to the computer; for example, the keyboard and the mouse. Output devices allow us to extract the results from the computer; for example, we can see the output on the monitor or in printed form. Secondary storage devices such as floppy, hard and optical disks are used to store information permanently.

Задания к тексту I

1. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: instruction, mechanical, component, information, monitor, system, structure, form, optical, disk.

2. Найдите в предложениях 1-го абзаца подлежащее и сказуемое.

3. Прочтите предложения, выбирая из текста английские эквиваленты к русским словам, заключенным в скобках:

1. The main memory holds the instructions and (данные).

2. A computer system consists of the hardware and (программного обеспечения).

3. The peripherals include input and (выхода) devices.

4. A computer system is made up of CPU, the main memory and (внешнего устройства).

4. Переведите текст со словарем.

Text II

A spreadsheet program is normally used in business for financial planning – to keep a record of accounts, to analyse budgets or to make specific calculations. It’s like a large piece of paper divided into columns and rows. Each column is labelled with a letter and each row is labelled with a number. The point where a column and a row intersect is called a cell. For example, you can have cells A1, B6, C5, and so on.

A cell can hold three types of information: text, numbers and formulas. For example, in the sample spreadsheet, the word sales has been keyed into cell A2 and the values 890, 487 and 182 have been entered into cells B2, B3 and B4 respectively. So when the formula ‘B2+ B3 + B4’ is keyed into cell B5 the program automatically calculates and displays the result.

Formulas are functions or operations that add, subtract, multiply or divide existing values to produce new values. We can use them to calculate totals, percentages or discounts.

The format menu in a spreadsheet usually includes several commands. They allow you to choose the front, number alignment and so on. Most spreadsheet program can generally make documents with graphic representations, some include three-dimensional options. Some programs also have a database which transforms the values of the cells database.

Задания к тексту II

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: a spreadsheet program – программа табличных вычислений, to label – обозначать, a cell – клетка (в электронной таблице), to key – переключать, value – значение, alignment – выравнивание.

2. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: financial planning, budget, formula, produce, command, representation, option, transform, function.

3. Найдите в тексте предложения имеющие местоимения и определите их падеж.

4. Прочтите предложения, выбирая из текста английские эквиваленты к русским словам, заключенным в скобках:

1. Formulas are functions that add, (вычитают), subtract, multiply or divide existing values.

2. A spreadsheet program is like a large piece of paper divided into columns and (строка).

3. We can use formulas to calculate totals, (скидки) or percentages.

5. Переведите текст со словарем.

Text III

In order to be able to serve any useful purpose, the operation of the computer must be controlled by a program. A program is a set of instructions, written in a specialized language, the electronic execution of which controls the operation of the computer to serve some purpose.

Software is the general name given to program or parts of programs. There are two types of software. Systems software carries out functions that are generally required in order to serve the smooth and efficient operation of the computer. Examples are the operating system, a program for copying the contents of one disk to another or a file reorganization program. Applications software performs functions associated with the various needs of the business (as distinct from the needs of the computer). Examples are programs that carry out accounting tasks such as sales, purchase and nominal ledger processing, a modeling program for forecasting sales figures, or a word-processing program.

Programs are stored in immediate-access memory being run. The instructions are executed in sequence starting from the first instruction. They are loaded one at a time from immediate-access memory into the control unit of the CPU, where they are decoded and executed.

Задания к тексту III

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: to serve - осуществлять, smooth and efficient operation – постоянная и результативная работа, nominal ledger – номинальная бухгалтерская книга (гроссбух), sales figures – цифры продаж, application software – функциональные программы, electronic execution – электронный процесс исполнения, CPU (central processing unit) – центральный процессор, immediate-access memory – память с непосредственной выборкой.

2. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: instruction, program, function, system, business, control, disk.

3. Найдите в тексте модальный глагол и определите его функцию.

4. Преобразуйте предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы: а) в прошедшее время; в) в будущее время.

1. Computers can replace people in dull routine work.

2. Computer-controlled robots must increase the productivity of industry.

3. Business minicomputers are able to perform to 100 million operations per second.

5. Прочтите текст, переведите его со словарем и выполните задания.

Text IV

Digital computers can be divided into three main types, depending on their size and power: mainframes, minicomputers and microcomputers.

“Mainframes” are the largest and most powerful computers. The basic configuration of a mainframe consists of a central system which processes immense amounts of data very quickly. This central system provides data information and computing facilities for hundreds of terminals connected together in a network. Mainframes are used by large companies, factories and universities.

“Minicomputers” are smaller and less powerful than mainframes. They can handle multitasking, that is, they can perform more than one task at the same time. Minicomputers are mainly used as file servers for terminals. Typical applications include academic computing, software engineering and other sophisticated applications in which many users share resources.

“Microcomputers” are smaller than mainframes and minis, and carry out their processing on a single microchip. They are used as personal computers in the home or as workstations for group work. Examples of micros are the IBM PC or the Apple Macintosh. Broadly speaking, there two classes of personal computers: (a) desktop PCs, which are designed to be placed on your desk, and (b) portable PCs, which can be as tiny as a notebook. This is why they are also called “notebooks” and “laptops”. These are the smallest and least powerful computers, but the latest models can run as fast as similar desktop computers and can have similar configurations. They are ideal for business executives who travel a lot.

Задания к тексту IV

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: network - сеть, to process – обрабатывать (информацию), computing facility – вычислительное оборудование, file server – файловый сервер (узел хранения файлов в сети), sophisticated application – современная прикладная программа, software engineering – разработка программного обеспечения, to carry out – выполнять.

2. Найдите в тексте сказуемые, выраженные в Present Simple Active Voice.

3. Найдите в тексте прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени сравнения.

4. Выберите подходящее слово из списка. Используйте слово только раз: data, computing, single, typical, software, powerful

a)……………….….…application

b)……………….….…microchip

c)……………………..engineering

d)………………..……facilities

e)…………………......information

f)…………………..…computer

5. Переведите текст со словарем.

Text V

In 1969, the US Defense Advanced Research projects Agency needed a system for computers to “talk” to each other via the telephone. They created a network of computers called DARPANET. Scientists and researchers soon began to communicate with each other in the same way. In 1984, the US National Science Foundation started the NSFNET network, a system of five supercomputer centres.

Universities entered the network by accessing one of the centres.

More and more people and agencies wanted to join the network. NSFNET became known as the Inter-Net-Network. People started calling it the internet. Today, there are millions of computers all over the world which are connected to the internet.

The World Wide Web (also called WWW or the Web) is the most popular area of the internet. The Web is a huge collection of documents from all over the world. It contains a mixture of text, images and sounds and is very user-friendly.

Задания к тексту V

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: Defense Advanced Research projects Agency - управление перспективного планирования оборонных, научно-исследовательских работ, to access – иметь доступ, huge – огромный, National Science Foundation – национальный (правительственный) научный фонд США, user-friendly – удобный для пользователя.

2. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: global, corporation, file, university, collection, system, organization, video, software, sort, individual, text, commercial, e-mail.

3. Прочтите текст, переведите его со словарем и выполните задания.

4. Найдите в тексте сказуемые выраженные Past Simple Active Voice.

5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. In what country did the internet start?

2. What was the original purpose?

3. What does NSF stand for?

4. Is the internet only for universities?

5. Can you only read things on the internet?

Text VI

Early applications packages in the desktop computer marketplace usually completed by product rather than by vendor. More recently the trend has been towards package integration, which vendors putting together suites of packages for a range of business solutions. The emphasis is towards consistency in user interface, in features and functions and in file formats. Customers have usually selected the product of one vendor to gain the benefits of this consistency.

A typical suite such as Microsoft will comprise a word processor, spreadsheet and database, a presentation and graphics package, an e-mail package and possibly other items such as accounting software. The consistency is reinforced by the interconnections between the packages. For example, a spreadsheet can be embedded inside a word-processed document, and a database can be converted into a spreadsheet. A graphical image can be scanned in using a scanner, edited in a graphics package and then placed on to a slide as part of a presentation. The integration provides a valuable additional level of functionality while maintaining the loyalty of the customer across the range of packages.

Usually, the word processor is designed to integrate fully with the communications software, allowing a document to be e-mailed or faxed to another user within the package. A spelling checker, which once found its home only in a word processor, is now a fully integrated part of the other packages.

Задания к тексту VI

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: application package - полный пакет, vendor – производитель, rival – конкурент, world-processing package – программа подготовки текстов, office suite – офисный комплект, benefit – преимущество, to reinforce – усиливать, to embed – встраивать, interconnection – взаимосвязь, loyalty – преданность, spelling checker – программа проверки орфографии.

2. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: type, integration, business, function, select, product, presentation, document, graphical, scanner, communication.

3. Найдите в тексте причастие I и определите его функцию.

4. Переведите предложения с использованием причастия I.

1. We use the term data processing to include the resources applied for processing of information.

2. Processing is a series of operations converting inputs into outputs.

3. There are computers using vacuum tubes.

5. Прочтите текст и переведите его со словарем.

Text VII

PostScript is a computer language that describes how to print text and objects to different devices. It is referred to as a ‘page description language’ because it defines the page to be printed rather than giving a set of instructions on what to print.

PostScript can scale any font or graphic to any size is used on many laser printers and imagesetters. It is ‘device-independent’, i.e. it is a language that allows computers from many different manufactures to communicate with different output devices – printers, imagesetter, etc. – and enable computers to adjust the quality of the output to the highest resolution possible.

The creation of the PostScript language has meant an important change in the world of computers – in printing in particular.

Задания к тексту VII

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: a device - устройство, a page description language – язык описания страниц, to scale – приводить к масштабу, imagesetter – устройство фотовывода, to adjust – настраивать, font – шрифт, resolution – разрешение.

2. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: graphic, laser printer, communicate, creation, instruction.

3. Выпишите сочетания нескольких существительных и подумайте, какое слово в группе существительных является главным. Переведите их на русский язык.

4. Найдите в тексте сказуемое, выраженное в Present Perfect Active.

5. Прочтите текст, переведите его со словарем и выполните задания.

Text VIII

Computing Programming

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is - coded or programmed.

The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU).

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow.

Задания к тексту VIII

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: a list of instructions – перечень команд, flowcharting – построение блок-системы, pictorial representation – наглядное представление, burden – затраты, programming rule – правила программирования, program logic – логическая последовательность выполнения программ.

2. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: specific, symbol, algorithm, formulae, imitation, calculation, logic.

3. Найдите в тексте 3 предложения, в которых сказуемые, выражены в Passive Voice.

4. Прочтите предложения, выбирая из текста английские эквиваленты к русским словам, заключенным в скобках.

1. The computer cannot manipulate formulae, (уравнениями) and calculations.

2. There are two techniques for planning the logic of a program: flowcharting and (псевдопрограмма).

3. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of (центрального процессора).

5. Прочтите текст и переведите его со словарем.

Text IX

The Internet is a global network of computer networks, which allows organizations and individuals to share all sorts of information and computer resources. The system comprises networks interconnected all over the world, from universities and large corporations to commercial online systems and non-profit organizations. You can send and receive e-mail, explore the Web, transfer files, have live conversations, take part in online forums, use remote computers, etc.

The Internet offers services such as e-mail, file transfer, newsgroups, real-time chats and information retrieval on the World Wide Web. The Web is the most important part of the Internet. The Web is a huge collection of ‘pages’ stored on computers all over the world. Web pages contain all sorts of information in the form of text, pictures, sounds and video. They also have links to other resources on the net. You can use the Web to find and download software, buy products online, search for information, read information about thousands of topics.

Задания к тексту IX

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: network - сеть, to share – делиться, to interconnect – связывать, information retrieval – поиск информации, to explore – исследовать, resource – ресурс, to download – загружать.

2. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: global, corporation, file, university, collection, system, organization, video, software, sort, individual, text, commercial, e-mail.

3. Какая частица указывает на неопределенную форму глагола? Найдите примеры из текста и определите функцию инфинитива.

4. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.

1. To surf the Internet is quite captivating.

2. A printer is an example of a device to produce output in human-readable format.

3. It isn’t difficult to understand the function of the mouse in computer operation.

4. They want their son to become a computer operator and to design new computer models.

5. Прочтите текст и переведите его со словарем.

Text X

Programs and programming languages

Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level languages. A program written in one of these languages is often called a source program, and it cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been compiled which means interpreted into machine code. Usually a single instruction in a high-level language, when transformed into machine code results in several instructions.

When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to do a specific type of work such as calculate a company's payroll or calculate the stress factor on a roof, it is called an application program. Institutions either purchase these programs as packages or commission their own programmers to write them to meet the specifications of the users.

The program produced after the source program has been converted into machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. This is done by a computer program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer. Consequently, a computer needs its own compiler for the various high-level languages if it is expected to accept programs written in those languages.

Задания к тексту X

1. Запомните значения ключевых слов: to deal with - иметь дело, high-level language – язык высокого уровня, source program – исходная программа, to compile – транслировать, application program – прикладная программа.

2. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие субъективный инфинитивный оборот.

1. Printers are known to vary greatly in performance.

2. They are expected to be the most commonly used devices.

3. A lot of techniques are believed to be used in the design of printers.

3. Прочтите текст и переведите его со словарем.

тексты для чтения направления подготовки 080100 – «Экономика»

TEXT I

Microeconomics

Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of how the individuals and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources. Typically, it applies to markets where goods or services are bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviors affect the supply and demand for goods and services, and how prices, in turn, determine the quantity supplied and quantity demanded of goods and services. This is in contrast to macroeconomics. Macroeconomics involves the sum total of economic activity, which deals with the issues of growth, inflation, and unemployment. Microeconomics deals with the effects of national economic policies (such as changing taxation levels) on the aforementioned aspects of the economy. Particularly, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon 'microfoundations' — i.e. based upon basic assumptions about micro-level behavior. One of the goals of microeconomics is to analyze market mechanisms that establish relative prices amongst goods and service. It also studies allocation of limited resources amongst many alternative uses. Microeconomics analyzes market failure and describes the theoretical conditions needed for perfect competition. Significant fields of study in microeconomics include general equilibrium, markets under asymmetric information, choice under uncertainty and economic applications of game theory.

Задания к тексту I

1.Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомните их значения: to allocate – размещать/ распределять, to affect the supply – влиять на поставки, demand for – спрос на что-либо , quantity supplied – поставляемое количество, sum total of – суммарный итог,to deal with – иметь дело с чем-то, issue of growth – проблема роста,taxation - налогообложение, assumption - предположение, relative prices – относительные цены, failure – банкротство/ неудача, significant field – существенная область, equilibrium – равновесие.

2.Определите значения следующих слов, не пользуясь словарём: individual, resources, contrast, inflation, national economic, aspect, theory, analyze, mechanism, alternative, theoretical, system.