Grammar: Appendix #1

• Modal verbs (need, should, ought to)

12. Insert modal verbs “should”, “ought to”, “need”:

1. One … store information or data in the computer’s memory. 2. You … pay great attention to this contract. 3. If you know English, you … coach your colleague in English grammar. 4. Do you … any discount for new equipment? 5. All marketers of our firm … know the difference between an innovation and an adaptation? 6. Managers … check up the results of the experiment again. 7. We … to help new employees in preparing documents for the meeting.

13. Make up sentences and translate them:

Consumers Sales manager Marketers Government Foreign guests Retailers Partners

should ought to need

pay great attention to living conditions. know everything about foreign trade. sign our documents at the meeting. implement new products in the market. perform many necessary functions. pay for their purchase in the market. visit the new computing centre.

14. Complete the sentences using should or ought to and the correct form of the verbs in the box. Translate sentences into Ukrainian:

1. How long will it take to drive to the office by car? Well, it … long. It isn’t very far from there. 2. We are still waiting for the meeting. It … half an hour ago. 3. Our firm … raw materials easily and under favorable conditions. 4. A new applicant … an interview last week. He worked very hard for this. 5. French partners … our contract documents tomorrow morning. The secretary posted them early today. 6. My colleague has only $ 100, but that … enough. We won’t need to buy many products. 7. One … instructions before working with the equipment.

15. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. State in what meaning the modal verbs are used:

1. You ought to call our partners from Italy again. – Yes, I suppose I should. 2. They must be very tired of their job. 3. Managers should not consult any lawyer. 4. But you need not get too upset, after all. 5. One must not avoid difficulties. 6. You ought not to speak about any discount. You are right. I shouldn’t do it. 7. You are to transfer him payments in full. 8. We needn’t go there. We can ring them up and inquire. 9. Remember, you must not change the terms of the contract. 10. Just to keep business mechanically going, you need much money.

16. Replace the infinitives in brackets by “should”, “need”, “ought to”, “have to” depending on whether you give an advice, permission not to do smth, criticize a past action:

1. It was week end, so you (not to go) to the office. 2. You never (to try) to do everything at once. You must think over everything. 3. You (to make up) your mind soundly and stop wasting you money. 4. You (not to give) all the details on the project. You know, we were dealing with well-informed people. 5. You (not to go) to the warehouse. We have all goods we need for sales. 6. I think you (to apologize), it’s your fault! 7. I realize now that I (not to worry). There was no danger whatever.