7.4. Reading activity:

a) What ration was in the past?

b) What ration is used now?

b) What is a standard for high-definition video and for widescreen television?

Unit 8

8.1. Translate definitions of words:

villains - /`vɪlən/ - someone who behaves in an immoral way, or something that is responsible for a bad situation

veiled - /veɪld/ - a veiled threat, attack, or warning is not direct but is easily understood

essence - /`es(ə)ns/ - the most important part of something, usually the part that gives it its general character

exposure - /ɪk`spəʊʒə(r)/ - the amount of time that you allow light to reach the film in a camera when taking a photograph

silhouette - /,sɪlu`et/ - an image or drawing showing only the shape of something

flare - /fleə(r)/ - a bright light or flame that burns steadily and is used as a signal in the dark

8.2. Discuss in class the following questions:

Close

2. What do you know about lighting for film shooting?

3. Who is responsible for lighting?

8.3. Read and translate the text:

Lighting

Light is necessary to create an image exposure on a frame of film or on a digital target (CCD, etc.). The art of lighting for cinematography goes far beyond basic exposure, however, into the essence of visual storytelling. Lighting contributes considerably to the emotional response an audience has watching a motion picture. In cinematography, the use of light can influence the meaning of a shot. For example, film makers often portray villains that are heavily shadowed or veiled, using silhouette. Techniques involving light include backlight(silhouette), and under-lighting(light across a character form).

Some other techniques can be used also:

1. Background lighting

2. Cameo lighting

3. Fill light

4. Flood lighting

5. High-key lighting

6. Key Lighting

7. Lens flare

8. Low-key lighting

9. Mood lighting

10. Rembrandt lighting

11. Stage lighting

12. Soft light

8.4. Reading activity:

a) What kind of lighting techniques do you know?

b) Does lighting influence on emotional response of a film?

c) Can use of light influence the meaning of a shot?

5. Translate from Russian into English:

Искусство освещения влияет не только на экспозицию киноплёнки, но главным образом на создание визуального образа. Освещение вносит значительный вклад и влияет на эмоциональное состояние аудитории, которая смотрит фильм.

Unit 9

9.1. Translate definitions of words:

shift - /ʃɪft/ -to move an object from one place to another

tilt - to move something so that one side is lower than the other

track - /træk/ - to move a film camera along on a track

expire - /ɪk`spaɪə(r)/ - if an agreement, offer, or official document expires, the period of time during which it exists or can be used comes to an end

mount - /maʊnt/ - to prepare for and begin an activity or event

9.2. Read and translate the text: Camera movement

Cinematography can not only depict a moving subject but can use a camera, which represents the audience's viewpoint or perspective, that moves during the course of filming. This movement plays a considerable role in the emotional language of film images and the audience's emotional reaction to the action. Techniques range from the most basic movements of panning (horizontal shift in viewpoint from a fixed position; like turning your head side-to-side) and tilting (vertical shift in viewpoint from a fixed position; like tipping your head back to look at the sky or down to look at the ground) to dollying (placing the camera on a moving platform to move it closer or farther from the subject), tracking (placing the camera on a moving platform to move it to the left or right), craning (moving the camera in a vertical position; being able to lift it off the ground as well as swing it side-to-side from a fixed base position), and combinations of the above.

Cinematographic techniques such as the choice of shot, and camera movement, can greatly influence the structure and meaning of a film.

The use of different shot sizes can influence the meaning which an audience will interpret. The size of the subject in frame depends on two things: the distance the camera is away from the subject and the focal length of the camera lens. Common shot sizes:

1. Extreme close-up: Focuses on a single facial feature, such as lips and eyes.

2. Close-up: May be used to show tension.

3. Medium shot: Often used, but considered bad practice by many directors, as it often denies setting establishment and is generally less effective than the Close-up.

4. Long shot

5. Establishing shot: Mainly used at a new location to give the audience a sense of locality.

Choice of shot size is also directly related to the size of the final display screen the audience will see. A Long shot has much more dramatic power on a large theater screen, whereas the same shot would have less of an impact on a small TV or computer screen.

Cameras have been mounted to nearly every imaginable form of transportation.

Most cameras can also be handheld, that is held in the hands of the camera operator who moves from one position to another while filming the action. Personal stabilizing platforms came into being in the late 1970s through the invention of Garrett Brown, which became known as the Steadicam. The Steadicam is a body harness and stabilization arm that connects to the camera, supporting the camera while isolating it from the operator's body movements. After the Steadicam patent expired in the early 1990s, many other companies began manufacturing their concept of the personal camera stabilizer.