
- •Content Module 4 Motivation of Today’s Youth
- •Education motivation. Student Motivation
- •If your class is small, have students turn in brief notes on the day's reading that they can use during exams.
- •1. Read the text below to learn advice on motivating students given by different sources. Pick up the recommendations which seem to you most and least effective. Fill in the table.
- •Techniques of Motivation
- •(Http://www.Motivation-tools.Com/elements/index.Htm)
- •Business motivation
Методичні рекомендації до проведення практичних занять за темою «Мотивація сучасної молоді» модульного курсу основної іноземної мови (для студентів V курсу спеціальності 7.030502 "Мова та література" (англійська) / Укладач: Л.B.Деллалова. – Макіївка: MЕГІ 2011. – 16 с.
Методичні рекомендації призначені для студентів п’ятого року навчання з метою формування та вдосконалення їх професійних практичних навичок та вмінь за однією з тем змістового модулю модульного курсу основної іноземної мови.
Укладач Л.В. Деллалова, старший викладач
Рецензент Л.Ж.Норкіна, доцент
Відповідальний за випуск О.А. Педерсен, доцент
Дані методичні рекомендації створено з оглядом на сучасні вимоги щодо підготовки фахівця за спеціальністю 7.030502 – Мова та література (англійська). Згідно з цілями модулю “Основна іноземна мова (англійська)” на п’ятому курсі, якими є практична, когнітивна, емоційно-розвиваюча, освітня, професійна, виховна мета, визначено такі завдання модулю: вдосконалювати та подальше розвивати уміння студентів у чотирьох видах мовленнєвої діяльності; допомогти студентам зрозуміти, максимізувати та контролювати свої пізнавальні можливості, виправляти свої слабкі сторони за допомогою різноманітних видів навчальної роботи; надати можливість студентам адекватно оцінювати свої можливості та здібності, стимулювати їх пізнавальну, навчальну та професійну мотивацію.
Наприкінці вивчення змістового модулю „Мотивація сучасної молоді” студенти мають демонструвати володіння мовленнєвими навичками з таких видів мовленнєвої діяльності, як читання, говоріння та писемне мовлення. Мають бути сформованими такі мовленнєві навички та вміння говоріння: володіння монологічним та діалогічним мовленням в ситуаціях неофіційного та офіційного спілкування; уміння здійснювати спілкування гнучко та спонтанно, адекватне вираження іллокуційної сили різних типів висловлювань; уміння робити усні презентації в межах різних сфер спілкування та різних функціональних типів висловлювань, використовуючи необхідні мовні засоби оформлення іншомовного мовлення та логічні структури, висвітлюючи важливі аспекти та моменти об’єктів, явищ тощо. Завдання до змістового модулю „ Мотивація сучасної молоді ” сприяють удосконаленню вмінь читання. Під час роботи над матеріалами та завданнями змістового модулю студенти мають вдосконалювати вміння різних видів читання; оцінювати матеріал прочитаного та викладати факти, думки, аргументацію за прочитаним в усній та писемній формі; інтерпретувати та коментувати прочитане на різних рівнях дискурсивного аналізу щодо комунікативної мети, лінгвістичної складності та стилю. Завдання з писемного мовлення повинні удосконалювати вміння студентів викладати інформацію, дотримуючись особливостей певного стилю; адекватно реалізовувати комунікативний намір різних типів тексту (для даного змістового модулю – ессе); удосконалювати вміння логічно, чітко та зв’язно висловлювати думки в писемній формі, дотримуючись норм та узусу використаної мови для досягнення функціонально-стильової адекватності писемного мовлення.
Content Module 4 Motivation of Today’s Youth
Pre-reading
Have you ever thought of what governs or drives you when you have to make a decision or take up some activity? Can you say exactly what it is? Think and within 3 minutes give a definition of the phenomenon experienced by you.
Scientists call the phenomenon under discussion ‘motivation’. Motivation comprises lots of motives. What motives do you have?
Reading 1
1. Read the text below to obtain the information about motivation.
2. Find the definition of motivation and the main types of motivation.
3. Read about 16 basic desires that are believed to guide nearly all human behavior. Say which desires to your mind should be excluded from the list. Which should be added?
Motivation is the driving force which help causes us to achieve goals. Motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. The term is generally used for humans but it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality.
Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure. Intrinsic motivation has been studied, and research has found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they: a) attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in); b) believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck); c) are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.
Starting from studies involving more than 6,000 people, Professor Steven Reiss has proposed a theory that finds 16 basic desires that guide nearly all human behavior. The desires are:
Acceptance, the need for approval
Curiosity, the need to learn
Eating, the need for food
Family, the need to raise children
Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of one's clan/ethnic group
Idealism, the need for social justice
Independence, the need for individuality
Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments
Physical activity, the need for exercise
Power, the need for influence of will
Romance, the need for sex
Saving, the need to collect
Social contact, the need for friends (peer relationships)
Status, the need for social standing/importance
Tranquility, the need to be safe
Vengeance, the need to strike back/to win
In this model (the enlisted 16 desires), people differ in these basic desires. These basic desires represent intrinsic desires that directly motivate a person's behavior, and not aimed at indirectly satisfying other desires. People may also be motivated by non-basic desires, but in this case this does not relate to deep motivation, or only as a means to achieve other basic desires.
Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money and grades, coercion and threat of punishment. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. A crowd cheering on the individual and trophies are also extrinsic incentives.
Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition and to children who received no extrinsic reward.
The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence; a person may be highly intelligent according to a more conservative definition (as measured by many intelligence tests), yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks.
Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. These are thought to originate within the individual and may not require external stimuli to encourage the behavior. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others.
By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be seen in the example of training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process.
Language work
Interpret the meaning of the following words and combinations:
motivation, intrinsic, extrinsic, incentive, deficiency, subsequent observations, a subset of emotional intelligence, a subtle drive, overjustification, a subsequent reduction, tranquility, vengeance, coercion, to be assigned to sth/doing sth, to be attributed to sth, altruism, selfishness, less-apparent reasons, effective agents, rote-learning.
Fill in the appropriate prepositions:
in (x6) to(x4) from at on for by |
- A crowd cheering … the individual and trophies are also extrinsic incentives.
- Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead … overjustification and a subsequent reduction … intrinsic motivation.
- People differ … their basic desires.
- The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed … the process.
- These basic desires represent intrinsic desires not aimed … indirectly satisfying other desires.
- In the research, some children were assigned … an unexpected reward condition.
- One of the basic desires is the need … approval.
- Intrinsic motivation refers … motivation that is driven … an interest or enjoyment … the task itself.
- Motivation may be rooted … a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure.
- Motivation may be attributed … less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness.
- Students make progress when they believe they can be effective agents … reaching desired goals.
- Competition is … general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win.
Complete the sentences. Underline the appropriate word:
Motivation is the moving/driving/stirring force which help causes us to achieve goals.
Desire and need are thought to root/excite/originate within the individual and may not demand/require/ask external stimuli to encourage the behavior.
According to different/various/varied theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure.
Students believe they can be effective agents/doers/executors in reaching desired goals.
Intrinsic motivation is usually associated with high educational achievement/success/improvement and enjoyment by students.
Motivated students are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good marks/grades/rates.
A person may be highly intelligent, yet unmotivated to dedicate/devote/give this intelligence to certain tasks.
The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick continuously/consistently/compulsively, even later when the treat is removed from the process.
Make a list of abstract nouns that refer to motivation and motives. Which nouns are stylistically neutral and which are stylistically marked?
Reading 2
What is it that makes you learn some disliked-by-you things? Does parents’ opinion influence your desires and choices? Why? Did parents try to influence your choice of career?
Read the text and define its subject-matter.