3) Cases of metaphor, simile, irony, epithets

• The metaphor (name it) suggests the narrator’s/character’s evaluation of (another character, another character’s behaviour, appearance, events etc.) by the implied comparison of (a character, character’s behaviour, appearance, events etc) to ….

• The metaphor (name it) is used to emphasize the main image of the extract (passage, story, short story) under analysis. It helps to create positive/negative image of…

• The behaviour of the character (attitude to, thoughts about) is/are revealed through the metaphor (name it).

• The metaphor (name it) exposes … as a false/hypocritical/ sensitive/kind/loving/caring etc. person.

• The narrator’s (character’s) ironic treatment of the subject (character, character’s behaviour) is seen from the use of such epithets (similes, comparisons, the words used to describe …, etc.) as ... .

• Snobbery, coldness, ignorance, hypocrisy etc. are the objects of the author’s ridicule and biting irony. The ironical effect is achieved by the use of … (name SD)

• The choice of such epithets as (enumerate them) employed by the narrator to describe (name of the character, place, time of the events) reveals his/her ironic/ pathetic/ sympathetic/ cheerful/ vigorous/ serious/ humorous/ mock-serious/ lyrical/ dramatic/ excited/ agitated/ passionate/ impassive/ detached/ matter-of-fact/ dry/ impartial/ melancholy/ moralizing/ unemotional/ sneering/ reproachful attitude to

• Narrator’s/character’s appreciation/ of … is stressed by the highly emotive epithet (name it).

4) Cases of hyperbole, meiosis, litotes

• The hyperbole (name it) is used to intensify the size/ colour/ quantity/ age etc. of ... / shows the overflow of emotions of the main character/ to intensify the statement/ to create a humorous effect.

• The case of meiosis (name it) emphasizes the insignificance of …

• The idea of …. is not expressed in a straight-forward categorical manner. The case of litotes makes the sentence/statement (read it) sound non-categorical.

• The case of litotes (name it) conveys the character’s/ narrator’s doubts as to the exact significance or value of …

5) Cases of antithesis

• The case of antithesis (name it) emphasizes the striking difference between...

• The case of antithesis (name it) stresses the contrast between … .

6) Repetitions, parallel constructions

• The use of epiphoric/ anaphoric/ chain/ frame repetitions attracts the reader’s attention and brings home to him the idea of/ emphasizes/ reveals/ shows the state of mind of the character/ his agitation/ nervousness/ emotiveness etc.

• The parallel constructions (indicate them) make the thought of … clearer, besides such an arrangement lends an unmistakable eloquence and rhythm/ expressiveness to his/her utterance.

10) any SD

• The idea expressed through (name a SD) is to show… .

• The positive/negative features/qualities/attitude etc. of (name the character) to …. is/ are enhanced through the use of (name a SD).

• The (name a SD) is aimed at revealing the feelings and relations between ….

• The (name a SD) explains and clarifies the main idea of the text.