Useful phrases which may be used to analyze the stylistic properties of:

1) The characters’ speech

• The characters are splendidly characterized through their speech which reflects many peculiarities of the oral type of communication (present the cases of colloquial pronunciation, lexis, grammar, syntax and state how these means help to trace the character’s social, cultural, educational, physical etc. peculiarities and how they add to your perception of the analysed character).

• N’s speech is emotional and abounds in/ is rich in EMs and SDs such as (name and give examples of particular EMs and SDs used in the speech of the analysed character, state their function).

• Through the use of (name the SD) the character reveals/expresses his positive/negative/contemptuous/good etc. attitude to ….

• Lexical peculiarities are represented by the vocabulary the characters use, for example (give the examples of words with stylistic colouring: colloquial, slang, jargon, bookish etc. words and state how these means help to trace the characters’ social, cultural, professional, educational, physical etc. peculiarities and how they add to your perception of the analysed characters).

• The character’s speech is that of an uneducated man: it abounds in colloquialisms and vulgarisms such as (indicate them and state how these means help to trace the character’s social, cultural, educational, physical etc. peculiarities and how they add to your perception of the analysed character).

• The character’s pronunciation is also typical of uneducated speech. Such cases of graphon (indicate them) highlight his/her social/cultural/educational status.

• Features of oral speech can be well illustrated by their syntactical peculiarities in the character’s speech, such as the use of elliptical sentences, incomplete sentences, detached constructions, parenthetical clauses, asyndetic type of connection etc. (indicate them and state how these means help to trace the character’s social, cultural, educational, physical etc. peculiarities and how they add to your perception of the analysed character).

• Represented uttered speech (read it) reveals what (name the character) thinks. It also creates the effect of his/her immediate presence and participation.

2) The vocabulary of a text

• A rigorous analysis of the vocabulary of the story clearly shows that the author employs

1. common words to create a true-to-life realistic atmosphere of the event of the passage under analysis;

2. foreign words /barbarisms/ exotic words to create a local colouring/ depict local conditions of life, concrete facts and events/ to indicate the character’s social and speech peculiarities/ help to create local colouring and add to the concreteness of the description of the events;

3. colloquial words/slang/jargon to create the atmosphere of sincerity and confidence// to add the informality and emotiveness of the character’s speech/ to indicate his/her social and speech peculiarities/

4. poetic words to create an elevated, high-flown tonality of the story;

5. archaic/ historical words to provide a historical background of the event depicted /to remind the reader of past/local habits, customs, traditions, clothes;

6. terms/ nomenclature words to create a true-to-life realistic atmosphere/ to indicate the character’s social and speech peculiarities.