3. Look at the pictures and label them with the facility that has been used to change the original.

IV. Grammar: Gerunds

1. Study the following information:

Gerunds are formed by adding -ing to verbs. A gerund usually functions as:

• the subject of a verb, e.g. Smoking is bad for your health.

• the object of a verb, e.g. She has never done any computing.

• the object of a preposition, e.g. CAD programs are very fast at performing drawing functions.

• the complement of the subject, e.g. His favourite pastime is playing computer games.

2. Read the passage below. Find the gerunds and decide whether they function as the subject, the subject complement, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.

You cannot create a picture simply by specifying primitives. Instead, you must specify the primitives and their attributes, then transform them by specifying where and how you want them placed on the screen so they create your picture. Transformation means moving or otherwise manipulating the object by translating, rotating and scaling the object. Translation is moving an object along an axis to somewhere else in the viewing area.

Rotation is turning the object around an axis.

Scaling is making the object larger or smaller in any of the horizontal, vertical or depth directions (corresponding to the x, y and z axes). The term rendering describes the techniques used to make your object look real. Rendering includes hidden surface removal, shading, light sources and reflections.

3. Complete the sentences by using an appropriate gerund from those in the box.

creating adding clicking processing printing rendering

1. Graphic artists like………colour and depth to their drawings and designs.

2. A 32-bit painting program has a complete palette of tools for………images from scratch.

3. The speed of a microprocessor is important in………information.

4. Before………a document, the user should decide on the layout.

5. You can open the colour palette by………on the corresponding pop-up icon.

6. ………refers to the techniques used to make realistic images.

V. Reading: Desktop Publishing

1. Read the text.

1 5 10 15 20

'Desktop publishing' refers to the use of personal computers to design, implement and publish books, newsletters, magazines and other printed pieces. Desktop publishing is really a combination of a few different processes including word processors, graphic design, information design, output and prepress technologies, and sometimes image manipulation. There are also many applications that support these processes, including font creation applications (that allow users to design and create their own typefaces, called fonts) and type manipulation applications (that allow users to modify text in visually creative ways). Desktop publishing centres around a layout application. A layout application is used to import text from word processing applications, graphics from paint and drawing applications and images from scanning or image manipulation applications, and to combine and arrange them all on a page. They typically can bring in or import many different types of files. It is this ability to manipulate so many different items and control how they are used that makes layout software so popular and useful. This software is usually the last stop before a document is printed. Once composed and designed, these files can be printed onto film by high quality devices, called imagesetters, and printed on a traditional printing press. Because imagesetters are expensive devices, most people cannot afford to buy their own. There are, however, companies called service bureaux that specialize in printing other people's files on imagesetters, just like copy stores make copiers available to others. Service bureaux can offer imageset output, laser printer output, colour laser printer output and even slide or film recorder output. In addition, some have colour scanning equipment.

2. Complete these sentences.

1. A page layout application can import and combine

2. Font creation software enables users to

3. Imagesetters are used to

4. Service bureaux offer services such as

3. Find the answers to the following questions:

1. What types of files are combined in desktop publishing?

2. What kinds of documents can be produced with desktop publishing software?

VI. Vocabulary: Word-building

1. Study the following information:

New words are formed in three main ways in English:

1. Affixation

• adding a prefix to the base: print -» reprint

• adding a suffix to the base: print -»printer

b. Conversion, i.e. assigning one class to another:

print ,v -» print, n

c. Compounding, i.e. adding one base to another:

finger + print -» fingerprint

2. Look at these words, translate them and decide:

• which process of word formation has been applied

• what part of speech each word is

• where the stress falls in each word.

1. upgrade 2. imprint 3. printed 4. print-out

5. interactive 6. printing press 7. pre-press 8. creative

9.manipulation 10. publishing 11. publisher 12. newsletter

13. visually 14. typeface 15. professional 16. imagesetter