2. Do you remember the following words? Translate them into Ukrainian:

   to determine – ______________________ length – ___________________________ application – _______________________ definition – ________________________ distance – __________________________ visible – ___________________________ to display – ________________________ high – _____________________________ ahead – ___________________________ astern – ___________________________ recognition – _______________________

   bell – _____________________________ shape – ____________________________ forecastle – ________________________ whistle – __________________________ crossing – _________________________ main mast – ________________________ to be subject to – ____________________ nautical mile – ______________________ in addition to – _____________________ restricted visibility – _________________ __________________________________

3. Show your competence on the following positions:

1. For what are different lights, shapes and sound signals used on ships at sea?

2. What kind of lights, shapes and sound signals do you know?

4. Read and translate the following text:

This lesson is to get acquainted with the different lights, shapes and sound signals used on ships at sea. These indicate the length and type of ship to other ships and helps navigators to determine their responsibility – and, therefore, actions, under the Rules of the Road.

General applications and definitions

Light and shape signals are to be complied with in all weather.

Lights must be shown from sunset to sunrise and when in restricted visibility.

The heights and arcs of visibility of each light are prescribed under the rules, and are subject to survey and approval during the construction of the ship. The distance at which each light can be seen at sea is also fixed; for example, a masthead light must be visible at six nautical miles. This is true for all lights, shapes and sound signals for all ships worldwide.

Arc of visibility of basic navigation lights

A normal power-driven vessel displays:

• A masthead light high on her forward mast.

• A second masthead light even higher on her after mast if the length of the vessel is more than 50 meters.

• A stern light on her stern.

• Two sidelights, a green one on her starboard (right) side and a red one on her port (left) side.

At anchor, a power-driven vessel shows an all-round (360 degree) light. When she is more than 50 meters in length, she shows two all-round lights, with the forward one being higher than the one near her stern.

It is important to realize that most “special lights” are shown in addition to the normal running lights of a power-driven vessel.

Shape signals must be shown at daylight.

What lights indicate by night, shapes indicate in the daytime. Shapes are, typically, a ball (spherical), a cylinder, a diamond, a cone. As with lights, their shape, colour and size is prescribed under the rules. These are normally hoisted on a mast so that they can be seen from afar by other vessels.

Some typical shape configurations:

• A normal power-driven vessel shows nothing special at daytime.

• A vessel at anchor shows a black ball at her forward end on the forecastle.

• A vessel not under command shows two black balls in a vertical line on her main mast.

• A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shows two black balls separated by a diamond.