4. Read the text. Complete the last sentence and retell the text. What Is a Manager?

A number of different terms are used for "manager", including "di­rector", "administrator" and "president". The term "manager" is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies.

What, then, is a manager?

When used collectively the term "management" refers to those peo­ple who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.

Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations; they include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships.

Almost everything a manager does involves decisions. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decision making there is always some uncertainty and risk.

Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. The engineer can finish a design on a particular day, and the lawyer can win or lose a case at a certain time. But....

5. Think and answer.

1. How is management defined?

2. What is the main responsibility of managers?

3. What types of problems do they deal with?

4. How can managers obtain good results?

5. What are the main functions of management? (Decision making, planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling)

6. What is decision making?

7. How can managers enable people to perform their tasks effectively?

8. What is to be done to perform staffing effectively?

9. What does leadership imply?

10. What does it mean to be a competent manager?

11. Do you agree that it is important for the manager to have good relationship with his assistants? Why (not)? Give your reasons.

12. Do you think that most managers are good leaders?

13. What is your idea of an ideal manager?

TopIc: BuSiness What is Business?

Business is not an easy thing. It’s rather a difficult kind of human activity. It has many important elements such as money, taxes, customers, transport, banks and others. There are two general types of business.

Why do people do business? Why do they like small business? People do business by producing goods or providing services. They buy and sell gods. They do business for a profit. There is no business without a profit. If you ask me “What business is good?”, my answer will be: “All businesses are good.”

Production of goods is very profitable, provision of different services is profitable too. Communications are good business too, for example, telephone, telegraph and mail services. Financial services, for example, banking and insurance, work very well, too.

So, people do different types of business for a profit. Doing business has become very popular everywhere. For example, the whole families in America run small businesses now. At present it is very popular to be a businessman or a businesswoman. It should be noted that women, like men, successfully run a firm or a company, they prove to be good bank managers or shop keepers.

Briefly speaking, doing business is a comparatively new and perspective tendency in modern life.

There are three main types of business: a sole trader (you alone have responsibility for the business and you take all profits after paying income tax on them; a partnership (a group of between 2 or twenty people trade as one firm, and share responsibility for debts, decision-making and the profits); a limited company /Ltd/ (a company formed by two or more shareholders who put money into the business in return for a share of the profits).

Words

to do business	- заниматься бизнесом
tax	- налог
to produce goods	- производить товары
to provide services	- предлагать услуги
a profit	- прибыль
to make profits	- делать прибыли
profitable	- прибыльный
insurance	- страховка, страхование
to run business	- руководить, заведовать, управлять предприятием
it should be noted that	- следует заметить, что …
successfully	- успешно
they prove to be good managers	- они оказываются хорошими управляющими
shop keeper	- зав. магазином
comparatively	- сравнительно
perspective	- перспективный
human activity	- деятельность человека
by producing goods	- путем производства
by providing services	- путем обеспечения услугами
communications	- средства связи, коммуникации
a sole trader	- единоличный торговец
responsibility for	- ответственность за
income tax	- подоходный налог
partnership	- партнерство
to trade	- торговать
to share	- разделять
dept	- долг
decision-making	- принятие решения
to make a decision	- принять решение
a limited company	- компания с ограниченной ответственностью
shareholder	- акционер
share	- акция, доля
to put money into syn. to invest	- вкладывать деньги инвестировать
in return for	- в обмен на
briefly speaking	- короче говоря