9. Право внешних сношений. Дипломатический корпус.

Diplomatic corps denotes the entire body of all diplomatic representatives, ambassadors and ministers, nuncios and internuncios, charges d’affaires

in broader sense: – includes not only heads of missions but the diplomatic personnel headed by them (ministers-counsellors, counselors, first, second, third secretaries, attachés),

• and persons who enjoy diplomatic status

(trade representatives, military attachés, experts),

• family members.

DC:

• has no status of a political organization

• however, allows effective solutions of certain questions of concern to all diplomatic missions

• makes it easier to brief them on the country’s political course

• facilitates the contacts with official circles and among missions themselves

DC is headed by a Doyen:

• head of a diplomatic mission with longer term of stay in the given country

• high-ranking diplomatic officer

• respected post(but he is not authorised to give orders to other members)

• unofficial consultative meetings with heads of missions of ceremonial nature(in the course of a luncheon, farewell parties) or on matters of protocol

• brief on customs,protocol practice, give recommendations to his colleagues

• speaks on behalf of DC at festive events

Heads of mission are divided into 3 classes - namely:

1) ambassadors, nuncios, and others of equivalent rank (accredited to Heads of State)

2) envoys, ministers, internuncios (accredited to Heads of State)

3) charges d’affaires (accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs)

If the post of head of the mission is vacant, or if the head of the mission is unable to perform his functions a chargé d'affaires ad interim shall act provisionally as head of the mission.

Charge d’affaires – the lowest ranking official of the dip service

Chargé d'affaires ad interim – counselor or secretary of an embassy or legation who automatically assumes charge of a dip mission in the temporary absence of an ambassador or minister.

10. Государство как субъект международного права. Границы, права и обязанности государств.

Every state enjoys complete and exclusive sovereignty over its territory and the air space above it.

To be recognized as a sovereign state it should be consistent with several conditions: to have population, territory, government, that can rule the country, currency etc.

State boundaries

• land boundaries (no rule, determined by express or tacit agreement with its neighbors)

• territorial waters (‘cannon shot’ rule, 3 miles, The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention: 12 miles TW, 200 miles EEZ)

• airspace (exclusive jurisdiction)= full, exclusive sovereignty

Rights of States

• Every State has an inalienable right to choose its political, economic, social and cultural systems, without interference in any form by another State.

Duties:

• to promote universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms

• to fulfil in good faith the obligations

• to refrain from:

• threat or use of force against other State (or in any other manner inconsistent with purposes of UN)

• acts of reprisal (involving the use of force)

• organizing, instigating, participating in civil strife in another State

• measures of coercion(принуждение) of another State (economic, political or other)

• subversive, terrorist or armed activities towards violent overthrow of the regime (organize, assist, foment, finance, incite or tolerate)