19. Международное право и права человека. Всеобщая декларация прав человека.

International Law of Human Rights – legal provisions, system of laws (domestic and international) designed to govern and promote human rights.

Human rights – refer to the basic rights and freedoms, to which all humans are entitled

(right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law)

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

• adopted by the GA in 1948 in Paris

• arose directly from the experience of WW2

• 1st international statement to use the term "human rights"

• first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled

• 30 articles elaborated(разработанный) in international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions and laws

• freedom and equality in dignity and rights from birth

• no distinction and discrimination

• right of life, liberty, personal security

• prohibition of slave trade and servitude

• prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment

• equal recognition before the law

• effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for violation of rights

The International Bill of Human Rights consists of:

1 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2 the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

3 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (and its 2 Optional Protocols) guarantees the rights of children and prohibits discrimination based on race, sex, color, national origin, or language. Restricts the death penalty. Among the rights for individual:

- the right to legal recourse when their rights have been violated, even if the violator was acting in an official capacity

- the right to life

- the right to liberty and freedom of movement

- the right to equality before the law

- the right to presumption of innocence til proven guilty

- the right to appeal a conviction

- the right to be recognized as a person before the law

- right to privacy and protection of that privacy by law

- freedom of thought, conscience, and religion

- freedom of opinion and expression

- freedom of assembly and association

4 two detailed Covenants adopted by GA in1966

In 1976 the Bill took on the force of international law (after ratification of the Covenants).

20. НАТО.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - a military alliance, that was founded in April 1949.

• Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.

• Members: 28: roughly bordering the north Atlantic Ocean - Canada, U.S., Turkey and most members of the European Union.

What Is the History of NATO?:

• Thoughts of such alliance began after the WWII.

• The forerunner of the NATO agreement was the Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom. It was designed to defend member nations of Western Europe against the large number of troops in pro-communist countries. Those were later known as the Warsaw Pact countries and included the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany.

• Participation of the United States was thought necessary in order to counter the military power of the USSR, and therefore talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately.

• talks resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949.

• It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. It was ratified in 1949 August 24, the instruments of ratification were deposited with the government of the USA.

• During the Cold War, the primary mission of NATO shifted to prevent nuclear war.

• After the USSR dissolved in the late 1980's, NATO's relationship with Russia shifted again. In 1997, the NATO-Russia Founding Act was signed to build bilateral cooperation. In 2002, the NATO-Russia Council was formed to discuss ongoing security issues. At issue is U.S. missile shields in Europe. Russia argues they are designed to defend against potential Russian attempts to regain its former Warsaw Pact countries. The U.S. counters they are to intercept potential missiles from.