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English Grammar Workbook for "dummies" - Geraldine Woods

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Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................	1
About This Book.........................................................................................................................	1
Conventions Used in This Book ...............................................................................................	2
What You’re Not to Read...........................................................................................................	2
Foolish Assumptions .................................................................................................................	2
How This Book Is Organized.....................................................................................................	3
Part I: Laying Out the Concrete Slab: Grammar Basics ...............................................	3
Part II: Mastering Mechanics ..........................................................................................	3
Part III: The Pickier Points of Correct Verb and Pronoun Use....................................	4
Part IV: All You Need to Know about Descriptions and Comparisons ......................	4
Part V: Writing with Style ................................................................................................	4
Part VI: The Part of Tens .................................................................................................	4
Icons Used in This Book............................................................................................................	4
Where to Go from Here..............................................................................................................	5
Part I: Laying Out the Concrete Slab: Grammar Basics ....................	7
Chapter 1: Placing the Proper Verb in the Proper Place .................................................	9
Choosing among Past, Present, and Future ............................................................................	9
Shining a Light on Not-So-Perfect Tenses .............................................................................	11
Navigating among Irregular Forms ........................................................................................	12
Mastering the Two Most Common Irregulars: Be and Have ...............................................	13
Getting By with a Little Help from Some Other Verbs.........................................................	15
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Verbs..........................................................	16
Answers to Problems on Verbs and Verb Tenses ................................................................	17
Chapter 2: Matchmaker, Make Me a Match: Pairing Subjects
and Verbs Correctly..............................................................................................................	23
When One Just Isn’t Enough: Plural Nouns ..........................................................................	23
Isn’t Love Groovy? Pairing Subjects and Verbs....................................................................	24
Taming the Brats: Difficult Subjects to Match with Verbs ..................................................	26
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Hitching Subjects and Verbs ..................	29
Answers to Subject and Verb Pairing Problems...................................................................	30
Chapter 3: Who Is She, and What Is It? The Lowdown on Pronouns..........................	35
Separating Singular and Plural Pronouns .............................................................................	35
Taking Possession of the Right Pronoun...............................................................................	37
It’s All in the Details: Possessives versus Contractions......................................................	38
Avoiding Double Meanings .....................................................................................................	40
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Basic Pronouns ........................................	42
Answers to Pronoun Problems...............................................................................................	43
Chapter 4: Finishing What You Start: Writing Complete Sentences ...........................	49
Seeking Out the Subject/Verb Pair.........................................................................................	50
Checking for Complete Thoughts ..........................................................................................	51
Going for Flow: Joining Sentences Correctly ........................................................................	52
Finishing with Flair: Choosing Endmarks..............................................................................	55

xii English Grammar Workbook For Dummies

Complete or Incomplete? That Is the Question ...................................................................	56
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Complete Sentences ................................	58
Answers to Complete Sentence Problems ............................................................................	59
Part II: Mastering Mechanics.......................................................	65
Chapter 5: Exercising Comma Sense ................................................................................	67
Making a List and Checking It Twice .....................................................................................	67
You Talkin’ to Me? Direct Address .........................................................................................	69
Dating and Addressing ............................................................................................................	70
Introducing (and Interrupting) with the Comma .................................................................	71
Setting Off Descriptions ..........................................................................................................	73
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Commas ....................................................	75
Answers to Comma Problems ................................................................................................	76
Chapter 6: Made You Look! Punctuation Marks That Demand Attention ..................	81
Connectors and Dividers: Hyphens .......................................................................................	81
Just Dashing Through..............................................................................................................	82
Sorting Out Semicolons...........................................................................................................	84
Placing Colons ..........................................................................................................................	85
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Hyphens, Dashes, Colons, and
Semicolons ............................................................................................................................	85
Answers to Punctuation Problems ........................................................................................	87
Chapter 7: One Small Mark, a Whole New Meaning: Apostrophes............................	91
Putting Words on a Diet: Contractions..................................................................................	91
Taking Possession....................................................................................................................	93
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Apostrophes.............................................	95
Answers to Apostrophe Problems .........................................................................................	96
Chapter 8: “Let Me Speak!“ Quotation Marks ..............................................................	101
Lending Written Words a Voice: Punctuating Direct Quotations .....................................	101
Embedding One Quotation inside Another.........................................................................	103
Punctuating Titles ..................................................................................................................	105
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Quotation Marks ....................................	106
Answers to Quotation Problems ..........................................................................................	108
Chapter 9: Hitting the Big Time: Capital Letters............................................................	113
Bowing to Convention and Etiquette: People’s Names and Titles...................................	113
Entering the Worlds of Business and Academia ................................................................	115
Capitalizing Titles of Literary and Media Works................................................................	116
Placing Geographical Capitals..............................................................................................	117
AM or p.m.? Capitalizing Abbreviations..............................................................................	118
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Capital Letters........................................	120
Answers to Capitalization Problems ...................................................................................	121
Part III: The Pickier Points of Correct Verb and Pronoun Use........	125
Chapter 10: The Case of It (And Other Pronouns)..........................................................	127

Meeting the Subject at Hand and the Object of My Affection	..........................................127
To “Who” or To “Whom”? That Is the Question.................................................................	129

Table of Contents xiii
Linking Up with Pronouns in “To Be” Sentences ...............................................................	130
You Talkin’ to Me, or I? Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions..........................................	131
Matching Possessive Pronouns to “-ing” Nouns ................................................................	132
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Pronoun Case .........................................	133
Answers to Pronoun Case Problems ...................................................................................	135
Chapter 11: Choosing the Best Pronoun for a Tricky Sentence .................................	141
Nodding in Agreement: Pronouns and Possessives Come Head to Head.......................	141
Working for the Man: Pronouns for Companies and Organizations ................................	143
Decoding Who, That, and Which .........................................................................................	144
Getting Down to Specifics: Avoiding Improper Pronoun References ..............................	146
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Tricky Pronoun Situations....................	149
Answers to Advanced Pronoun Problems ..........................................................................	150
Chapter 12: Traveling in Time: Tricky Verb-Tense Situations .....................................	155
Telling Tales of the Past ........................................................................................................	155
The Unchanging Universe: When You’re Stuck in the Present.........................................	157
Tackling the Timeline: Verbals to the Rescue.....................................................................	158
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Verb Tenses ............................................	159
Answers to Advanced Verb Tense Problems......................................................................	161
Chapter 13: Are You and Your Verbs in the Right Mood?.............................................	167
Stating the Obvious: Indicative Mood .................................................................................	167
Taking Command: Imperative Mood....................................................................................	168
Telling Lies or Being Passive: Subjunctive Mood...............................................................	169
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Moody Verbs ..........................................	171
Answers to Verb Mood Problems ........................................................................................	172
Part IV: All You Need to Know about Descriptions
and Comparisons.......................................................................	177
Chapter 14: Writing Good or Well: Adjectives and Adverbs.......................................	179
Distinguishing between Adjectives and Adverbs ..............................................................	179
How’s It Going? Choosing between Good/Well and Bad/Badly ........................................	181
Mastering the Art of Articles ................................................................................................	182
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Descriptors.............................................	183
Answers to Adjective and Adverb Problems......................................................................	184
Chapter 15: Going on Location: Placing Descriptions Correctly ...............................	189
Little Words Mean a Lot: Situating “Even,” “Only,” and Similar Words ...........................	189
It Must Be Here Somewhere! Misplaced Descriptions.......................................................	192
Hanging Off a Cliff: Dangling Descriptions ..........................................................................	194
Dazed and Confused: Vague Descriptions ..........................................................................	196
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice Placing Descriptions ......................................	198
Answers to Description Placement Problems....................................................................	199
Chapter 16: For Better or Worse: Forming Comparisons .............................................	205
Visiting the -ER (And the -EST): Creating Comparisons ....................................................	205
Going from Bad to Worse (And Good to Better): Irregular Comparisons.......................	207
Words That Are Incomparable (Like You!)..........................................................................	208
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Bad Comparisons ..................................	210
Answers to Comparison Problems ......................................................................................	211

xiv English Grammar Workbook For Dummies

Chapter 17: Apples and Oranges: Improper Comparisons ..........................................	215
No One Likes to Feel Incomplete, and Neither Do Comparisons.....................................	215
Being Smarter than Yourself: Illogical Comparisons .........................................................	217
Double Trouble: A Sentence Containing More than One Comparison ............................	219
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Improper Comparisons.........................	221
Answers to Complicated Comparison Problems ...............................................................	222
Part V: Writing with Style .........................................................	227
Chapter 18: Practicing Parallel Structure......................................................................	229
Geometry Invades English: Parallelism Basics...................................................................	229
Avoiding Unnecessary Shifts in Tense, Person, and Voice ...............................................	231
Matchmaking 101: Either/Or, Not Only/But Also, and Similar Pairs................................	234
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Parallels ..................................................	236
Answers to Parallelism Problems ........................................................................................	237
Chapter 19: Spicing Up and Trimming Down Your Sentences ...................................	243
Beginning with a Bang: Adding Introductory Elements ....................................................	243
Smoothing Out Choppy Sentences ......................................................................................	245
Awkward but Interesting: Reversed Sentence Patterns ....................................................	247
Shedding and Eliminating Redundancy...............................................................................	248
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice Honing Your Sentences..................................	250
Answers to Sentence Improvement Problems ...................................................................	251
Chapter 20: Steering Clear of Tricky Word Traps..........................................................	255
Separating Almost-Twins: Commonly Confused Words....................................................	255
Comparing Quantities without Numbers ............................................................................	257
Sorry to Bust Your Bubble, but Some Common Expressions Are Wrong .......................	258
Verbs That Will Give You a Headache .................................................................................	260
Combining Rightfully Independent Words..........................................................................	261
Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Tricky Words ..........................................	262
Answers to Tricky Word Problems ......................................................................................	263
Part VI: The Part of Tens ...........................................................	267
Chapter 21: Ten Overcorrections .....................................................................................	269
Substituting “Whom” for “Who”...........................................................................................	269
Inserting Unnecessary “Had’s”.............................................................................................	269
Throwing in “Have” at Random............................................................................................	270
Sending “I” to Do a “Me” Job.................................................................................................	270
Speaking or Writing Passively ..............................................................................................	270
Making Sentence Structure Too Complicated ....................................................................	270
Letting Descriptions Dangle .................................................................................................	270
Becoming Allergic to “They” and “Their” ...........................................................................	271
Being Semi-Attached to Semicolons ....................................................................................	271
Not Knowing When Enough Is Enough................................................................................	271
Chapter 22: Ten Errors to Avoid at All Cost ....................................................................	273

Writing Incomplete Sentences..............................................................................................	273
Letting Sentences Run On and On .......................................................................................	273
Forgetting to Capitalize “I”....................................................................................................	273

	Table of Contents	xv
	Table of Contents	xv
Being Stingy with Quotation Marks .....................................................................................	274
Using Pronouns Incorrectly ..................................................................................................	274
Placing New Words in the Wrong Context ..........................................................................	274
Letting Slang Seep into Your Speech ...................................................................................	274
Forgetting to Proofread .........................................................................................................	275
Relying on Computer Checks for Grammar and Spelling..................................................	275
Repeating Yourself .................................................................................................................	275

Appendix: Grabbing Grammar Goofs	...........................................277
Exercise One ...........................................................................................................................	277
Exercise Two...........................................................................................................................	278
Exercise Three........................................................................................................................	279
Exercise Four ..........................................................................................................................	280
Answers to Exercise One ......................................................................................................	281
Answers to Exercise Two ......................................................................................................	284
Answers to Exercise Three ...................................................................................................	286
Answers to Exercise Four .....................................................................................................	289
Index .......................................................................................	293

xvi English Grammar Workbook For Dummies

Introduction

Good grammar pays. No, I’m not making a sentimental statement about the importance of a job well done or the satisfaction of learning for learning’s sake, though I believe in

both of those values. I’m talking about cold, hard cash, the kind you fold and put into your wallet. Don’t believe me? Fine. Try this little test: The next time you go to the movies, tear yourself away from the story for a moment and concentrate on the dialogue. Chances are the characters who have fancy jobs or piles of dough sound different from those who don’t. I’m not making a value judgment here; I’m just describing reality. Proper English, either written or spoken, tends to be associated with the upper social or economic classes. Tuning up your grammar muscles doesn’t guarantee your entry into the Bill Gates income tax bracket, but poor grammar may make it much harder to fight your way in.

Another payoff of good grammar is better grades and an edge in college admissions. Teachers have always looked more favorably on nicely written sentences, and grammar has recently become an additional hurdle that applicants must jump over or stumble through when they sit for the SAT or the ACT, the two most important standardized tests for the college bound.

The good news is that you don’t have to spend a lifetime improving your English. Ten minutes here, ten minutes there, and before you know it, your grammar muscles will be toned to fighting strength. This book is the equivalent of a health-club membership for your writing and speaking skills. Like a good health club, it doesn’t waste your time with lectures on the physiology of flat abs. Instead, it sends you right to the mat and sets you up with the exercises that actually do the job.

About This Book

English Grammar Workbook For Dummies doesn’t concentrate on what we English teachers (yes, I confess I am one) call descriptive grammar — the kind where you circle all the nouns and draw little triangles around the prepositions. A closely guarded English-teacher secret is that you don’t need to know any of that terminology (well, hardly any) to master grammar. Instead, English Grammar Workbook For Dummies concentrates on functional grammar — what goes where in real-life speech and writing.

Each chapter begins with a quick explanation of the rules (don’t smoke, don’t stick your chewing gum on the bedpost, be sure your sentence is complete, and so forth). Okay, I’m kidding about the smoking and the chewing gum, but you get the idea. I start off telling you what’s right and wrong in standard English usage. Next, I provide an example and then hit you with ten or so quick questions. Just to make sure you know that I’m not wasting your time, in every chapter I give you a sample from real-life English (with a fairly absurd situation, just to keep your funny bone tingling), so you can see how proper grammar actually aids communication.

After filling in the blanks, you can check your answers at the end of the chapter. In English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, I also tell you why a particular choice is correct, not just for the sake of learning a set of rules but rather to help you make the right decision the next time — when you’re deciding between their and they’re or went and had gone, for example.

2English Grammar Workbook For Dummies

As the author of English Grammar For Dummies (Wiley) and a grammar teacher for more decades than I care to count (let’s just say that I had an inkwell in my first classroom), I believe that if you truly get the logic of grammar — and most rules do rest upon a logical basis — you’ll be a better, more precise communicator.

English Grammar Workbook For Dummies offers a special welcome to readers for whom English is a second language. You’ve probably picked up quite a bit of vocabulary and basic grammar already. English Grammar Workbook For Dummies lets you practice the little things — the best word choice for a particular sentence, the proper way to create a plural, and so forth. This book moves you beyond comprehension to mastery.

Finally, because standardized college entrance exams are now a permanent part of the landscape, I’ve taken special care to provide examples that mirror those horrible tests. If you’re facing the SAT or the ACT in the near future, don’t despair. Everything the grammar-testing gurus expect you to know is in this book.

Conventions Used in This Book

To make your practice as easy as possible, I’ve used some conventions throughout this book so that from chapter to chapter or section to section you’re not wondering what the heck is going on. Here are a few to note:

At the end of each chapter is the “Answers” section, which covers all the exercises in that chapter. You can find the answers by thumbing through the book until you come to the pages with the gray trim on the outside edge.

The last exercise in each chapter is comprehensive, so you can check your mastery of the material in that chapter and sharpen your editing skills. You can find the comprehensive answers and explanations in the “Answers” section. The callout numbers pointing to the corrections in the exercise correspond with the numbered explanations in the text. I also provide an appendix devoted entirely to providing comprehensive practice with the grammar skills you develop as you consult English Grammar For Dummies and as you complete the exercises throughout this workbook.

What You’re Not to Read

I promise you that I’ve kept the grammar jargon to a minimum in this workbook, but I must admit that I have included a couple of terms from schoolbook land. If you stumble upon a definition, run away as fast as you can and try the sample question instead. If you can get the point without learning the grammatical term, you win a gold star. Likewise, feel free to skip the explanation of any question that you get right, unless of course you want to gloat. In that case read the explanation while crowing, “I knew that.”

Foolish Assumptions

In writing the English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, I’m assuming that you fall into one or more of these categories:

You know some English but want to improve your skills.

You aspire to a better job.

Introduction 3

You want higher grades or SAT/ACT scores.

You feel a bit insecure about your language skills and want to communicate with more confidence.

You’re still learning to speak and write English fluently.

I’ve made two more global assumptions about you, the reader. First, you have a busy life with very little time to waste on unnecessary frills. With this important fact in mind, I’ve tried to keep the explanations in this book clear, simple, and short, so you can get right to it and practice away. I’ve left the fancy grammar terms — gerunds, indicative mood, copulative verb, and the like — by the wayside, where, in my humble opinion, they belong. I don’t want to clutter up your brain; I just want to give you what you need to know to speak and write in standard English. For the total, complete, and occasionally humorous explanations, pick up a copy of the companion book, English Grammar For Dummies, also written by yours truly (and published by Wiley).

Second, I assume that you hate boring, schoolbook style. You’d prefer not to yawn as you read. No problem! I too glaze over when faced with sentences like “The administrative council approved the new water-purification project outlined in by-law 78-451 by a margin of three votes to two.” To keep you awake, I’ve used my somewhat insane imagination to create amusing sentences that will (I hope) make you smile or even laugh from time to time.

How This Book Is Organized

Life gets harder as you go along, doesn’t it? So too English Grammar Workbook For Dummies. Parts I and II concentrate on the basics — plopping the right verbs into each sentence, forming singulars and plurals, creating complete sentences, and so on. Part III moves up a notch to the pickier stuff, not exactly world record but definitely the state-champ level. In Parts III and IV, you get to try your hand at the most annoying problems presented by pronouns (those pesky little words such as I, me, theirs, whomever, and others), advanced verb problems, and comparisons (different than? different from? find out here!). Part V is totally practical, polishing up your writing style and explaining some common word traps into which you may fall. Now for more detail.

Part I: Laying Out the Concrete Slab:

Grammar Basics

In this part I take you through the basic building blocks — verbs (words that express action or state of being) and subjects (who or what you’re talking about) — with a quick side trip into pronouns (I, he, her, and the like). I show you how to create a complete sentence. In this part you practice choosing the correct verb tense in straightforward sentences and find out all you need to know about singular and plural forms.

Part II: Mastering Mechanics

This part’s devoted to two little things — punctuation and capital letters — that can make or break your writing. If you’re not sure whether to head North or north or if you want to know where a comma belongs, this part’s for you.

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English Grammar Workbook for &quot;dummies&quot; - Geraldine Woods

English Grammar Workbook for "dummies" - Geraldine Woods