Лабораторное задание 1

Etymological survey of the English word-stock

Topics for discussion.

1. Words of native origin and their characteristics.

2. Foreign elements in Modern English. Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed. Scandinavian borrowings, classical elements-Latin and Greek, French borrowings. Borrowings from Spanish and Italian.

3. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect.

4. Assimilation of borrowings. Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation.

5. Etymological doublets, hybrids.

6. International words.

7. Peculiarities of modem borrowings in the English language.

Reference books

1. Антрушина Г.Б. и др. Лексикология английского языка: учеб. пособие для студ.- 3- е изд., стер.- М.: Дрофа, 2001.- 288с. МОРФ

2. Баграмова Н.В., Блинова С.И. Практика английского языка: Сб. упражнений по лексике: учеб. пособие.- СПб: Союз, 2001.- 144с.

3. Гвищиани Н.Б. Современный английский язык: Лексикология = Modern English Studies: Lexicology: учеб. пособие. – М.: Академия, 2007.-224с.

4. Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии= A practical Course of English Lexicology: учебное пособие (на англ. языке)

Электронные учебники

1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1986. -P.252-260.

2. Ginzburg R.S. et. al. A Course on Modem English Lexicology. M., 1979.- P. 160-175.

Questions

1. What is the difference between words of Common Indo-European and Common Germanic word stock in the English Vocabulary?

2. What historical events in the life of the country are connected with the influx of borrowed words?

3. What languages contributed greatly into the vocabulary of the English language?

4. How did classical borrowings enrich the English language?

5.What semantic spheres can be pointed out in French borrowings?

6. How can you account for a high degree of assimilation of Scandinavian borrow­ings in English?

7. What are the semantic peculiarities of Italian and Spanish borrowings in English?

8. How does English adopt borrowed words?

9. What are the most popular etymological Dictionaries of the English language?

10.What is the difference between 'source of borrowing' and 'origin of borrowing'?

11.What do we call words and expressions formed from the material existing in Eng­lish but according to patterns taken from other languages?

12.What do we call loan words denoting objects and notions peculiar to the country from which they come?

13. What is a barbarism?

14. What is the basics of Etymological doublets?

15.What do we сall words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings?

Exercise 1.

Explain the origin of the following words: father, brother, mother, dog, cat, sheep, wolf, house, life, earth, man, apple, live, go, give, begin, strong, long, wide, to, for, from, and, with, I, he, two, well, much, little.

Exercise 2.

Analyse the following words from the point of view of the type and degree of assimilation. State which words are: a)completeiy assimilated; b) partially assimilated; c) non-assimilated: prima-donna, ox, caftan, city, school, etc., mazurka, table, street, they, century, sky, wall, stimulus, reduce, cup, present.

Exercise 3.

Comment on the different formation of the doublets and on the difference in meaning, if any: balm-balsam, suit-suite, senior-sir, legal-loyal, skirt-shirt, emerald-smaragdus, major-mayor, pauper-poor, of-off, history-story, catch-chase.

Assignments

Assignment 1

Find Cognates to the Following Native Words of Common Indo-European and Ger­manic Word Stock:

Ear, mother, fish, sit, water, eat, ask, brother, green, foot, beaver, head, work, three,

winter, tell, blood, red, cold, new, apple, I, song, heart, old.

Assignment 2

State the Origin of Words Given Below:

Bird, girl, dog, bog, kilt, bear, cart, kill, owl, pen, glen, end, fun, fox, bard, may, cosy, spot, Tory, mood, crowd, well.

Assignment 3

Comment on the Degree of Assimilation of the Following Words:

Pen, phenomenon, restaurant, mill, zemstvo, chronicle, sauerkraut, allegretto, sky, luftwaffe, bacilli, beret, paper, schnitzel.

Assignment 4

Give Etymological Doublets to the Following Words:

Major, senior, ward, captain, salon, cart, poor, fragile, memory, shade, skirt, hospital, screech, corps, canal, artist, wage, cavalry, abridge, disc, legal.

Assignment 5

Comment on the Structure of Etymological Hybrids:

Eatable, fortune-teller, undertake, easy-chair, afternoon, relationship, tea-cup, duke-dom.

Assignment 6

Comment on the Etymology of the Following International Words:

Moment, robot, glasnost, meeting, antenna, antibiotics, snob, democrat, villa, foot­ball, bandit, domino, time-out.

Assignment 7

State the Origin if the Following Words:

Prison, skipper, junta, just, yacht, ranch, tailor, embargo, take, lieutenant, guess, leg, joy, waltz, tomato, corridor, skin, mafia, concert, die, pencil, money.

Assignment 8

Comment on the Type of the Following Borrowings:

Blue blood, swan song, the fifth column, war to the knife, masterpiece, blood and iron, superman, the Knight of the Rueful Countenance, self-criticism.

Assignment 9

Discriminate Between Native and Borrowed Words:

Shake, castle, window, dock, rock, book, needle, get, plant, loud, fellow, flat, fire, home, kid, attack, parade, glad, easel, crime, sorry.

Лабораторное задание 2

Word Structure. Affixation.

1. The morphological structure of a word. Morpheme as one of the basic linguistic units.

-Classification of morphemes. .

-Segmentation of words into morphemes.

-Free and bound morphemes.

-Morphemic types of words.

2. Aims and principles of derivational analysis.

Structural types of words: simple, derived, compound words.Word stem.

Degrees of derivation.

3.The analysis of words into Immediate Constituents.

4. Derivational and functional affixes. Semi-affixes.

5. Affixation in the English language. General characteristics of suffixes and prefixes. Productive and non-productive affixes.

6. Different principles of classification of derivational affixes.

Reference books

1. Антрушина г.Б. И др. Лексикология английского языка: учеб. Пособие для студ.- 3- е изд., стер.- м.: Дрофа, 2001.- 288с. Морф

2. Баграмова н.В., Блинова с.И. Практика английского языка: Сб. Упражнений по лексике: учеб. Пособие.- сПб: Союз, 2001.- 144с.

3. Гвищиани Н.Б. Современный английский язык: Лексикология = Modern English Studies: Lexicology: учеб. пособие. – М.: Академия, 2007.-224с.

4. Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии= A practical Course of English Lexicology: учебное пособие (на англ. языке)

Электронные учебники

1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1986. -P.252-260.

2. Ginzburg R.S. et. al. A Course on Modem English Lexicology. M., 1979.- P. 160-175.

Questions

I .What is the difference between a word and a morpheme?

2.What is the aim of analysis into immediate constituents?

3. What is the difference between derivational and functional affixes?

4. What is a bound morpheme?

5. How do we classify derivational affixes?

6.What is meant by simplification of stems?

7. What is the number of derivational affixes?

8. What are the peculiarities of English prefixation?

Assignments

Assignment 1.

Discriminate Between Productive Affixes of Germanic and Romantic Origin:

Mis-, -y, -en, -ize, -let, in-, -ess, -al, -ie, sub-, -ly, -ish, de-, -ate, -ness, -er, -ее.

Assignment 2.

Give full Characteristics of the Affixes:

-Ship, -ly, pre-, -ism, -fold, super-, anti-, -ster.

Assignment 3.

State the Morphological Structure of the Words Below:

Ailment, fair-minded, unforgetfullness, headline, booklet, forget-me-not, window-shopping, waste-paper-basket.

Assignment 4.

Give the Primary Forms of Words:

Sheriff, always, lady, neighbour, breakfast, barn, elbow, lord, daisy, cupboard, win­dow, husband, gossip, forehead.

Лабораторное задание 3

Topics for discussion

1. Word composition.

a) General characteristics of the process of compounding;

b) The criteria of compounds;

c) Specific features of English compounds;

d) Classification of compounds;

e) The historical development of English compounds;

2. Conversion.

a) The historical development of conversion in English;

b) Conversion in modem English as a morphological-syntactical way of word-build­ing;

c) Traditional and occasional conversion;

d) Semantic relationships in conversion.

3.Minor ways of word-building

a) Shortening

b) Blending;

c) Onomatopoeia;

d) Back-formation;

e) Distinctive stress;

f) Sound interchange.

Reference books

1. Антрушина Г.Б. и др. Лексикология английского языка: учеб. пособие для студ.- 3- е изд., стер.- М.: Дрофа, 2001.- 288с.

2. Баграмова н.В., Блинова с.И. Практика английского языка: Сб. Упражнений по лексике: учеб. Пособие.- сПб: Союз, 2001.- 144с.

3. Гвищиани Н.Б. Современный английский язык: Лексикология = Modern English Studies: Lexicology: учеб. пособие. – М.: Академия, 2007.-224с.

4. Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии= A practical Course of English Lexicology: учебное пособие (на англ. языке)

Электронные учебники

1. Arnold I. V. The English Word. M, 1986.-P.108-163.

2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modem English Lexicology. M., 1979.- P.108-114, P.127-158.

Questions

1. What is a compound word?

2. What structural types of compound words exist in English?

3. What is the difference between a compound word and a combination of words?

4. Which type of composition is productive in Modem English?

5. How old is conversion as a way of word- building?

6. How do you account for a high productivity of conversion in Modem English?

7. Why do we call conversion a morphological-syntactical way of word- building?

8. What serves as a word-building means in case of conversion?

9. What word is called a compound derivative?

10. What is the difference between a shortened word and its prototype?

Exercise 1.

Analyze the following lexical units according to their structure. Point out the function of morphemes. Speak about bound morphemes and free morphemes. Point out allomorphs in analyzed words:

accompany unsystematic forget-me-not

computerise expressionless reservation

de-restrict superprivileged moisture

lengthen clannish pleasure

beautify workaholic reconstruction

beflower inwardly counterculture

specialise moneywise three-cornered

round table Green Berets to sandwich in

Exercise 2.

Analyse the following words morphologically and classify them according to what part of speech they belong to:

post-election, appoint, historic, mainland, classical, letterbox, outcome, displease, step, incapable, supersubtle, illegible, incurable, adjustment, ladyhood, elastic, perceptible, inaccessible, partial, ownership, idealist, hero, long-term, corporate.

Exercise 3.

Analyse the structure of the following compounds and classify them into coordinative and subordinative, syntactic and asyntactic: bookbinder, doorbell, key-note, knife-and-fork, hot-tempered, dry-clean, care-free, policy-maker, mad-brained, five-fold, two-faced, body-guard, do-it-yourself, boogie-woogie. оfficer-director, driver-collector, building-site.

Exercise 4.

Classify the compound words in the following sentences into compounds proper and derivational compounds:

l) She is not a mind-reader. 2) He was wearing a brand-new overcoat and hat. 3) She never said she was homesick. 4) He took the hours-old dish away. 5) She was a frank-mannered, talkative young lady. 6) The five years of her husband's newspaper-ownership had familiarised her almost unconsciously with many of the mechanical aspects of a newspaper printing-shop. 7)The parlour, brick-floored, with bare table and shiny chairs and sofa stuffed with horsehair seemed never to have been used. 8) He was heart-sore over the sudden collapse of a promising career. 9)His heavy-lidded eyes and the disorder of his scanty hair made him look sleepy.

Exercise 5.

Comment on the formation of the words given below:

to burgle, to springclean, to typewrite, to beg, to note.

Exercise 6.

Explain the formation of the following blends:

flush, glaze, good-bye, electrocute, pomato, twirl, dollarature, cablegram,

galumph, frutopia drink.

Exercise 7.

Give the verbs corresponding to the nouns that have been underlined. Compare the place of the stress in the noun and the verb.

1. He looked up; all among the trees he saw moving objects, red like poppies, or white like May-blossoms. 2.1 am not sure that I can define my fears: but we all have a certain anxiety at present about our friends. 3. Accent is the elevation of the voice which distinguishes one part of a word from another. 4. Her conduct was deferent.

Exercise 8.

Abbreviate the following nouns to the first syllable.

Mitten, doctor, grandmother, cabriolet, public, house, gymnasium, proprietor, fraternity, labouratory, margarine, sister, mathematics, trigonometry, veterinary, gladiolus.

Exercise 6.

Comment on the way the underlined words are formed.

1. After dinner, the woman cleared the table. 2. Finally, to quiet him, she said uneekly, she hadn't really meant it. 3. The differences are now being narrowed 4. Her face, heated with his own exertions, chilled suddenly. 5. Warmed by the hot tea, he warmed to the argument. 6. She came dressed up to the nines. 7. A win in this match is a must. 8. Turn your ought into shalls.

Assignments

Assignment 1.

Analyse the Morphological Structure of the Following Words:

Mind-reader, woman, shortsightedness, egg-shell, always, Anglo-African, cabman, double-decker, reckless, hide-and-seek, highway, salesman, radio-equipped, brick-paved, lord.

Assignment 2.

Discriminate Between Motivated and Non- motivated Compound Words:

Microfilm, master-key, brainwash, sweet-tooth, horse-marine, to speedread, backseat-driver, green-yellow, blackskirt, frontbencher, brick-layer, lady-killer, handbag.

Assignment 3.

Form Verbs from the Nouns by Conversion and Compare Their Meaning with that of the Original words:

Station, dog, back, star, fish, head, ass, pocket, face, man, rat.

Assignment 4.

Give Full Words of the Following Shortened Ones:

Pub, taxi, CIA, Ib., UNESCO, dorm, id., ad., gap, specs, M.P., comfy, V-day, phiz, KKK, maths, NASA, UFO, mam, fancy, ad, chap, i.e., van, dz.

Assignment 5.

Comment on the Formation of the Blends:

Good-bye, brunch, Irangate, republicrat, fruice, electrocute, flush, Nixonomics, ze-brule, dollarature.

Assignment 6.

Give the Derivational Origin of the Following Words:

To spring-clean, to beg, to typewrite, to enthuse, to burgle, to baby-sit, to edit, to orate, to automate, to butle.

Assignment 7.

Comment on the Nature of the Following Onomatopoeic Words:

Ding-dong, buzz, croack, yelp, grumble, hiss, clap, tinkle, sizzle, bellow, boom, twit­ter, neigh, murmur, babble, jungle, crash.

Лабораторное задание 4

Semasiology

Topics for discussion.

1. Semasiology as the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of linguistic units. Referential and functional approaches to meaning. Definition of meaning.

2. Types of word meaning: lexical, grammatical meanings. Denotational and connotational components of lexical meaning. Implicational meaning.

3. Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.

4. Context. Types of context.

5. Change of meaning. Extension, narrowing, elevation, degradation of meaning of a word, metaphor, metonymy.

Exercise l.

Using a dictionary determine the direct meaning of the underlined words, which are used here in their figurative metaphorical meanings.

1. Art is a vehicle of propaganda. 2. Raise the bonnet of the car. 3. Don't fumble for excuses. 4. He's always ready to shove the responsibility on others. 5. I'm sure he didn't steal the thing. It had been planted 6. This event is a milestone in the history of the country. 7. It will soil his reputation. 8. I'll swelter in this coat on such a hot day. 9. There is a snag in your argument 10. A smile creased his face. 11.I stumbled through the text somehow. 12. You have a fertile imagination.

Exercise 2.

Determine the meanings of the words "house", "white", "die" in the following contexts. Say what concept is realised in these lexical meanings. Discuss the problem "concept-meaning".

1.A house in the country, A full house. Every word was heard in all parts of the house. White House. An ancient trading house in the city. A noisy cheerful house. To keep house. To bring down the house. To leave one's father's house. On the house. 2. White clouds. White hair. A white elephant. The white race. White magic. White meat. As white as snow. White wine. It's white of you. White lie. 3. Die of hunger. Die a violent death. Die in one's bed. The day is dying. Die to the world. I'm dying to know. His secret died with him. Die in harness. Die game. Never say die.

Exercise 3.

Determine the denotative and connotative meanings in the following pairs of words.

Muzzle vs face, fat vs plump, obstinate vs mulish, infant vs kid, beg vs implore, friend vs crony, fragrance vs reek, love vs adore, talent vs genius, famous vs notorious, gobble vs eat.

Exercise 4.

Below are listed the original meanings of some simple words in Old English. As you see these meanings are different from those the words have now. Consult dictionaries and say what kind of semantic change was involved in the development of these words.

Bird, N- OE brid - nestling, fledgling; camp, N. - OE camp = battle, struggle, contest; deal, V. - OE daelan = share, distribute, take part; deer, N. -OE deor = animal, beast; dwell, V. - OE dwellan - lead astray, deceive, make a mistake; fair, A. - OE fzer = beautiful, pretty, sweet; fear, N. - OE faer -sudden attack, danger; fowl, N. - OE fuzol = bird; lord, N. - OE leaford -master; silly, A. - OE saliz = happy, blessed, holy.

Exercise 6.

Determine the main and derived meanings of the underlined words. Translate the sentences. Say whether lexical or grammatical context is predominant in determining the meaning of a word.

A. 1. Do not suspend the lamp from the ceiling, fix it to the wall. 2. The molecules of the substance remain suspended in the solution. 3. The law was suspended. 5. He was suspended from all international games for three years. 6. The Lords nave the power to suspend non-financial legislation for two years.

B. 1. It's like having a loose cobra around the house. 2. You can get it loose or in packets. 3 To say so would be loose grammar. 4. Have the loose tooth out. 5. That would be rather a loose translation. 6. Fix the loose end to the wall. 7. Your shoe lace got loose. 8. There was some loose change in his pocket but nothing else. 9. He has loose manners.

C. i. He gets up early. 2. The speaker called for an early settlement of the issue. 3. Do it at the earliest opportunity. 4. He wants an early answer. 5. Only a joint conference will bring about an early solution of the problem. 6. Early training tells. 7. The early bird catches the first worm.

D. 1. The steak is tough. 2. Don't worry, it won't get me down. I'm tough. 3. This is a tough problem. 4. He is for a tough policy. 5. Prof. Holborn is a tough examiner.

Лабораторное задание 5

Synonyms. Antonyms

1. Synonyms.

a) Semantic equivalence and synonymy.

b) Criteria of synonymy.

c) Sources of synonymy in English. Euphemisms.

d) Types of synonyms. The role of synonymy in the development of the vocabulary.

2. Semantic contrasts and antonymy. Root antonyms and derivational antonyms.

Reference books