- •Lecture 1.
- •Contents:
- •Literature:
- •Comparison vs. Contrast
- •Contrastive Grammar is a part of Contrastive Typology.
- •The final aims
- •Terms and notions of Contrastive Typology:
- •CG of English and Ukrainian
- •Grammatical phenomena of different languages can be contrasted according to:
- •Grammatical category is the system of opposed to each other rows of grammatical
- •Methods of Contrastive
- •Method of contrastive analysis is aimed at establishing isomorphic and allomorphic, dominant and
- •Comparing is done on the basis of
- •The (ICs) immediate constituents
- •The transformational method is employed:
- •Method of oppositions is used to establish grammatical categories.
- •The indexes method helps identify the quantitative co-occurrence or frequency of some feature
Methods of Contrastive
Typological research
Method of contrastive analysis is aimed at establishing isomorphic and allomorphic, dominant and recessive features of the languages compared and drawing conclusions as to their structural types.
Comparing is done on the basis of
deduction and induction.
•Inductive method draws on the empirical facts: scientists observe the facts, make conclusions and verify these conclusions by more facts.
•Deductive method presupposes making conclusions on the basis of logical calculations which suggest all theoretically admissive variants of realization of a certain feature in contrasted languages and consequently need verification.
The (ICs) immediate constituents
method is employed to contrast constituent
parts of the language units. At the morphological level the ICs method helps determine
morphemic structures of the words of the languages compared; cf. the nouns in-nova-tion- s and пере-напр-уг-а consist of 4 ICs.
The ICs method is often employed to single out constituent parts of the syntactic level units both at sentence level and at word-group level.
The transformational method is employed:
a)to identify the nature of a language unit in the source language or in the target language;
b)to reveal the difference in the form of expression in the contrasted languages.
Method of oppositions is used to establish grammatical categories.
Opposition is made by two forms carrying
two manifestations of one categorical meaning as works :: is working carry two
particular manifestations (non- Continuous :: continuous) of the general
categorical meaning of aspect.
The indexes method helps identify the quantitative co-occurrence or frequency of some feature or phenomenon in the contrasted languages.
J. Greenberg selected some passages, among them one English and one Russian, each containing one hundred notional words and subjected them to various typologically relevant analyses.