Lecture 10

TYPOLOGY

OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

Contents

1.Introduction to typology of the complex sentence.

2.Typological features of subject clauses.

3.Typological features of predicative clauses.

4.Typological features of object clauses.

5.Typological features of attributive clauses.

6.Typological features of adverbial clauses.

Isomorphic groups of subordinate clauses in E.&U.

1.Substantive-nominal:

a)subject subordinate clauses;

b)predicative subordinate clauses;

c)objective subordinate clauses.

2.Qualitatively-nominal:

a)appositive clauses;

b)descriptive attributive clauses;

c)restrictive/limiting attributive clauses.

3.Adverbial clauses (of time, place, purpose, cause, часу, attending circumstances, condition, concession, result, etc).

Subject clauses

•Subject clauses initiate a complex sentence with the help of: a) the corresponding/equivalent conjunctions (that, whether, if, because, either...or, whether...or — що, щоб, якщо, тому що, чи, або...або, чи...чи); b) the corresponding connectives (relative pronouns or adverbs): who, whose, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why — хто, що, який, котрий, чий, де, коли, як/яким чином:

What you say is true. (Dreiser) – Те, що ти кажеш, є правда

...

...whether it does not create worse difficulties in place of the one removed is another question. (Voynich) – ...чи це не створить більших труднощів замість цієї подоланої – залишається ще одним запитанням.

Predicative clauses

•Predicative clauses may be introduced mainly by common semantically and structurally conjunctions, correlatives and connectives

(relative pronouns, relative adverbs) which are as follows: that, whether, as, as if, as though, because, lest, either...or, whether...or; who, whose, whoever, what, which, where, whenever, when, how, why — що/щоб, як, ніби/нібито, наче/ неначе, мов/немов, такий, кого, яким etc.

Allomorphism

•A peculiar feature of English predicative clauses is that they are in the place of the nominal part of the predicate, i. e. they almost always follow the linking verb of the matrix clause:

"That's what he did". (Macken)

My experience is that they're mostly pleasant. (J. K. Jerome)

It was as if they had not been there at all.

(O'Dell)

Allomorphism

•The most striking allomorphism in the system of predicative clauses in the contrasted languages, however, is their ability (in Ukrainian) to occupy sometimes the initial and seldom even the midposition of the complex sentence:

Яке життя, таке й товариство. (Мирний) Який Сава, така й слава.

Or in the interposition: Першим, кого він побачив, був Захар Побережний, знатний хлібороб. (Стельмах)

Isomorphism

•Common in the syntactic systems of both contrasted languages are complex sentences

consisting of two subordinate clauses, the first of which is in the position of the subject clause

and the second, following the linking verb, is the predicative clause:

What had troubled her was that she had no thread to mend her children's clothes. (Parker) – Що її турбувало, було те, що вона не мала ниток, аби полатати своїм дітям одежини.

Object clauses

•Object clauses are introduced by means of conjunctions (that, if, whether, lest), correlatives

(either, or, whether... or), connective pronouns (who, whoever, what, whatever which), and connective adverbs (where, when, whenever, why, how).

•Their corresponding syndetic means in

Ukrainian are respectively subordinating conjunctions and pronominal correlatives що, щоб, чи; чи...чи; хто, котрий, який; де, коли, звідки, куди, чого, чому, як.