7 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1) What is the Emergency Center?

2) Where is it located?

3) What does the Emergency Response Center receive data from?

4) How many persons does the on-duty shift consist of? What are they?

5) What measures allow monitoring and maintaining readiness of the Emergency Response Center to support nuclear power plants in case of abnormal situations?

6) What is created for all participants of the emergency response system?

7) What kind of NPP reactors achieved extremely low values of expo sure doses, comparable with the best NPP in the world?

8 Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения).

9 Составьте реферат текста (10-15 предложений).

10 Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 10

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Ecological safety of NPP

Environment protection activities of NPP is related to ensuring compliance with the ecological safety requirements, which is achieved through monitoring of the effectiveness of gas and water processing facilities, through compliance with the prescribed limits for gaseous releas­es into atmosphere and liquid effluents, generation and handling of hazardous wastes, through enhancement of eco­logical culture of personnel and other administrative and technical measures. Rational environmental management is achieved at NPP due to implementation of resource-saving technologies and decreased natural resource consump­tion.

In order to ensure ecological safety, credible, comprehensive and timely information on the status of the environ­ment and natural resources and of the pollution levels in the vicinity of NPP is required. Industrial ecological monitor­ing, performed by the ecological servic­es of NPP, includes gathering, process­ing and analyzing the information required for the assessment of the envi­ronmental status and for development of timely and cost-efficient solutions.

Pollution of the atmosphere by harm­ful chemical substances was insignifi­cant in 2003. The share of NPP in the total volume of the pollutants released into atmosphere by Russian industries is below 0,009 %. The release of pollu­tants by nuclear plants is steadily decreasing and presently amounts to about 30 % of the limit prescribed by the environment protection authorities.

Nuclear plants are major water con­sumers. In 2003 the water intake was within the limits prescribed by the envi­ronment protection authorities. The water was mainly used for turbine con­denser cooling (99 %). Monitoring and control of the content of pollutants in the liquid effluents of nuclear power plants was performed in accordance with the requirements of the authorized Technical Specifications for chemical monitoring of liquid effluents of NPP and of the natural water in the NPP controlled area, and with the authorized ultimate acceptable limits for release of pollutants into water bodies. 99 % of effluents released in 2003 were up to the standard of clean water (not requiring processing), and 0,2 % - processed to the standard quality.

In 2003, all the hazardous (non­radioactive) wastes were dispatched to equipped storage and processing sites or specialized storage facilities Utilization of the wastes was controlled by the ecological services of NPP.

An ecological audit of the environ­ment protection activities of nuclear power plants was finalized in 2003. The conclusions of the auditors with respect to compliance of the NPP with the rules, codes and standards and applicable guidelines related to nuclear safety were positive.

The fact that no incidents or acci­dents associated with environmental pol­lution or other negative impacts on the environment occurred at Russian nuclear power plants allows claiming that in 2003, like in the previous years, nuclear power plants are ecologically friendly and safe installations, and char­acterizing the production and commer­cial activities of NPP as stable.

MODERNIZATION AND LIFETIME EXTENSION OF NPP UNITS

In the framework of implementation of the Program for nuclear industry development in the Russian Fede­ration in 1998 - 2005 and for the period until 2010 authorized by the Decree of the Russian Federation Government Ns 815, July 21, 1998, it is expected to extend the operation of the plant units beyond the designed lifetime period of 30 years due to implementation of a set of measures that will ensure their safety during continued operation.

At present, a number of activities for upgrading and preparation to lifetime extension at the Novovoronezh-3 and 4 (2001 and 2002 accordingly), Hola-1, Leningrad-1, Bilibino-1 was implement­ed. The related licenses were obtained from Gosatomnadzor of Russia for extend­ed operation of the above power units.

By 2006, it is planned to implement a similar scope of activities for upgrad­ing and lifetime extension [LTE) for six more power units of the first genera­tion, including:

- in 2004 - Kola-2 and Bilibino-2;

- in 2005 - Leningrad-2 and Bilibino-3;

- in 2006 - Kursk-1 and Bilibino-4.

Thus, in 2006 the cumulative installed capacity of the power units with the extended life will be 4 762 MW.