II. Retell the text.

International trade

I. Study the vocabulary

better off краще забезпечений

the least comparative disadvantage найменші відносні збитки

refuse to specialize their відмовляються від спеціалізації

productive efforts в галузі виробництва

subscribe to the self-sufficiency дотримуються поглядів самозабезпеченості

viewpoint economic reprisal економічні санкції

II. Read and translate the text.

International trade is essential for the maintenance growth of prosperity in all countries.

One of the major reasons why international trade takes place is that of economic advantage. International trade creates value. It increases the efficiency of resource allocation worldwide, reduces production costs, lowers input costs and through the international division of labour, lowers prices paid by consumers and increases product variety and availability.

Nations are usually better off if they specialize in certain products or commercial activities. By doing what they do best they are able to exchange products not needed. This allows a higher standard of living than would be possible if the country tried to produce everything itself.

The concepts of absolute advantage and comparative advantage play a critical role in international trade.

A country has an absolute advantage in the marketing of a product if it has a monopolistic position or if it has a monopolistic position or if it produces the item at the lowest cost. Examples of absolute advantage are rare, because economic conditions rapidly alter production costs.

A more practical approach to international specialization in that of comparative advantage. A country has a comparative advantage in an item if it can supply that item more efficiently and at a lower cost that it can supply other products. Nations usually produce and export those goods in which they have the greatest comparative advantage or the least comparative disadvantage. Countries tend to import those items in which they have the least comparative advantage or the greatest comparative disadvantage.

III. Retell the text.

International development

I. Read and translate the text.

International development or global development^]is a concept that lacks a universally accepted definition, but it is most used in a holistic and multi-disciplinary context of human development — the development of greater quality of life for humans. It therefore encompasses foreign aid, governance, healthcare, education, poverty reduction, gender equality, disaster preparedness, infrastructure, economics, human rights, environment and issues associated with these. International development is different from simple development in that it is specifically composed of institutions and policies that arose after the Second World War. These institutions focus on alleviating poverty and improving living conditions in previously colonized countries.

International development is related to the concept of international aid, but is distinct from, though conceptually related to, disaster relief and humanitarian aid. While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of the problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes — they are not necessarily long-term solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. A truly sustainable development project is one which will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it be financial or otherwise.

International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects targeted at several aspects of society. Promoted projects are ones which involve problem solving that reflects the unique culture, politics, geography, and economy of a region.