МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА»

Кафедра иностранных языков

О. Н. БУЛАВИНА, Т. С. ЯРОШ

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебно-методическое пособие

Гомель 2013

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА»

Кафедра иностранных языков

О. Н. БУЛАВИНА, Т. С. ЯРОШ

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Под редакцией Н. А. Гришанковой

Одобрено методической комиссией

факультета «Управление процессами перевозок»

в качестве учебно-методического пособия

для студентов I и II курсов специальности

«Организация перевозок и управление

на автомобильном транспорте»

Гомель 2013

УДК 811.111 (075.8)

ББК 81.2 Англ.

Б90

Р е ц е н з е н т ы: зав. кафедрой теории и практики английского языка канд. пед. наук, доцент Л. И. Богатикова (УО «ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины»); зав. секцией английского языка кафедры иностранных языков О. Н. Филимончик (УО «БелГУТ»)

Булавина, О. Н.

Б90 Английский язык : учеб.-метод. пособие / О. Н. Булавина, Т. С. Ярош ; под ред. Н. А. Гришанковой; М-во образования Респ. Беларусь, Белорус. гос. ун-т трансп. – Гомель : БелГУТ, 2013. – 87 с.

ISBN 978-985-468-983-8

Учебно-методическое пособие содержит шесть уроков. Каждый урок включает четыре текста по специальности и комплекс лексико-грамматических заданий развития навыков устной речи.

Целью пособия является приобретение навыков чтения и перевода текстов по специальности, а также извлечение из них необходимой информации.

Предназначено для студентов дневного обучения I и II курсов факультета УПП специальности УА-1440101 «Организация перевозок и управление на автомобильном транспорте».

УДК 811.111 (075.8)

ББК 81.2 Англ.

ISBN 978-985-468-983-8 © Булавина О. Н., Ярош Т. С., 2013

© Оформление. УО «БелГУТ», 2013

U N I T 1

Land transport

Vocabulary Notes

1 introduction – введение, вступление

2 to mean (meant, meant) – значить; иметь в виду

3 goods – товары, груз

4 also – тоже, также

5 vehicle – экипаж, повозка, автомобиль

6 lorry – грузовик

7 coach – карета, экипаж; автобус (междугородный)

8 the same – тот (же) самый, одинаковый

9 stage – стадия, этап

10 directly – прямо, непосредственно

11 wind – ветер

12 internal – внутренний

13 combustion – сгорание

14 engine – двигатель

15 source – источник

16 to settle – 1) разрешать (вопрос); 2) поселяться

17 soil – почва, грунт

18 to beat (beat, beaten) – бить

19 backward – отсталый

20 to vary – менять, изменять

21 general – общий, обычный, главный

22 to drag – тащить

23 because of – из-за, благодаря, вследствие

24 weight – вес

25 at once – сразу, немедленно

26 to lead (led) – вести

27 wide – широкий

28 to pave – мостить

29 unless – если не

30 surface – поверхность

31 chiefly – главным образом

32 gradually – постепенно

33 rather – до некоторой степени, довольно

34 distance – расстояние

35 device – устройство

36 to connect – связывать

37 due – должный, надлежащий

38 charge – 1) взимать плату; 2) заряжать

39 pack animals – вьючные животные

40 current – течение, поток

Read and translate the text and do the following exercises.

T E X T 1A

LAND TRANSPORT

1 The word "transport" means to carry people or goods from place to place. It is also used for the vehicles that carry people or goods – for example, motor transport includes buses, lorries, motor coaches and motor cars. The American word for the same thing is transportation, and the remark "transportation is civilization" was made by an Amer­ican, the motor-car manufacturer Henry Ford.

The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or on natural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and the internal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport.

Porters and Pack Animals

2 The most ancient peoples – were probably wanderers. They did not live in settled homes because they did not know how to till the soil. As they moved from place to place they had to carry their goods them­selves. The porters were usually the women, probably because the men had to be ready to beat off attacks by wild beasts or enemies. Even now, to carry the household goods is the job of women in backward wandering tribes.

The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind of animal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same – the bundles or buskets were carried by the animals on their backs. The dog although too small to carry much, was probably one of the first transport animals used because it is so easily trained. Dogs are still to be trained for dragging sledges in the Arctic because of their light weight.

3 The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel The wheel at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled waggons and carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long distances, a system of roads was necessary. These roads had to be wide enough to take a cart and paved, for unless their surface was paved the wheels sank in and the cart stuck. In Britain, and also over much Europe, the first long-distance paved roads were made by the Romans, chiefly so that troops could be marched without delay from place to place. The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empire collapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state.

4 There were two problems to be solved – first, how to make good roads, and, second, to decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were solved in the 18th centaury. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups called trusts. The trusts borrowed money for repairing and improving the roads, paying it back from the sums they collected from road users. This method of paying for new roads and bridges is still used, especially in the United States. Then it become possible to travel rather comfortably by coaches. In cities like London, rich people had their own carriages, while poor people went on horse­back or walked. Then appeared carriages that could be hired for short distances. They correspond to the modern taxis. The word is short for "taxi cab" which in turn comes from the words taximeter and cabriolet. A cabriolet is a light two-wheeled carriage introduced from France in the 19th century. The taximeter is a mechanical device connected with the wheels which, by measuring the distance travelled shows the fare due at any moment. It is also controlled by a clock so that waiting time too is charged for.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1 What does the word "transport" mean? 2 What are the stages of the history of transport? 3 What were the first porters? 4 What kind of animal was used first for carrying goods? 5 What did the inven­tion of the wheel bring? 6 Whom were the first roads made by? 7 What were the two problems to be solved? 8 What was a cabriolet like? 9 What is a taximeter like? 10 Is waiting time charged for?

Exercise 2. Match each word in A with its antonym in B.

A B

1 complicated	a) expensive, b) simple, с) similar, d) numerous
2 shortage	a) current, b) delay, c) distance, d) plenty
3 to remain	a) to lend, b) to leave, c) to measure, d) to stretch
4 to destroy	a) to build, b) to leave c) to introduce, d) to part
5 huge	a) small, b) strong, c) free, d) hard
6 shallow	a) wide, b) possible, c) important, d) deep
7 to connect	a) to charge, b) to collapse, c) to introduce, d) to part
8 gradually	a) also, b) at once, c) chiefly, d) rather
9 repair	a) pay, b) remark, c) surface, d) damage
10 the same	a) due, b) total, c) different, d) essential
11 wide	a) powerful, b) narrow, c) dry, d) necessary
12 strength	a) combustion, b) device, c) weakness, d) force

Exercise 3. Find the right translation in column B:

А 1 товары	В a) vehicle, b) stages, с) substance, d) goods
2 значить, иметь в виду	a) to drag, b) to mean, с) to pay, d) to justify
3 грузовик	a) driver, b) coal, c) lorry, d) railway
4 экипаж, автобус	a) safety, b) coach, c) tube, d) traffic
5 тот же самый	a) in turn, b) backward, c) the same, d) total
6 колесо	a) wind, b) weight, c) light, d) wheel
7 внутренний	a) general, b) current, c) internal, d) excellent
8 из-за	a) without, b) within, c) because of, d) directly
9 сгорание	a) direction, b) combustion, c) collapse, d) admission
10 измерять	a) to measure, b) to settle, c) to vary, d) to repair
11 почва, грунт	a) step, b) strength, c) piece, d) soil
12 заряжать	a) to introduce, b) to collapse, c) to charge
13 главным обра- зом	a) rather, b) carefully, c) chiefly, d) really
14 широкий	a) current, b) wide, c) due, d) thick
15 до некоторой степени, лучше	a) furthermore, b) without, с) rather, d) in the meantime
16 рушиться	a) to connect, b) to repair, c) to exist, d) to collapse
17 мостить	a) to pave, b) to charge, c) to measure, d) to remark

Exercise 4. Complete these sentences using the words from the box.

engine	the same	weight
wind	to collapse	sources
delayed	leads	general
distance	wide	handed
charged	mean	connected
soil	vehicle	introduced

1 He did not ... anything when he said it. 2 This news comes from different ... . 3 Nothing could grow in this poor dry ... .4 The steam ... was invented in the 18th century. 5 The ... plan of the development of the city was considered at a special meeting. 6 The jeep is a small light ... with great freedom of movement especially for military use. 7 The method of construction is not ... now as it was some years ago. It is quite different. 8 A cold ... was blowing from the northwest. 9 The weight of a heavy tank caused the bridge … . 10 The train was ... two hours by snow storms. 11 The paper was ... over to the director. 12 He says that the road ... to the forest. 13 The bridge ... the two banks of the river. 14 The lorry was ... to the full. 15 He is big and strong, he is twice my … . 16 She is an educated person and her interests are rather ... . 17 A new method has been ... at their factory this month. 18 The ... from here to the park is ten kilometres.

Exercise 5. Translate from English into Russian:

to mean nothing; a goods train; also successful; a powerful vehicle; huge lorries and coaches; the same route; an ordinary remark; numerous stages; without wind; permanent force; to manufacture car engines; internal affairs; rapid combustion; source of energy; dry soil; to beat animals; a backward country; general weakness; to drag along the road; to vary considerably; quick steps; to repair something at once; rather dark; measured distance; under repair; wide connections; the Earth surface; atomic weight; in due time; in due form; to pay in full; what's the pay; front wheel; on wheels; to wheel the car; collapse of plans; a collapsed building; without delay; rather big; nuclear device; charged with electricity; to get the same mark; to settle the question; because of the accident; a paved street; the general meaning of the word; a chief engineer; to obtain knowledge gradually; to stretch a cable; to stretch legs.

Exercise 6. Translate from English into Russian.

The new device to be introduced; the theory to be considered; con­necting line; advanced students; tested method; general plan; in­ternal combustion engine; George Washington Bridge bus terminal station; destroyed bridge; travelling passenger; the bridge to be con­structed; a reading student; the instrument to be used; current events; cylinder wall; English Channel coast; supersonic vertical take-off bomber; fourteen bird and animal stories and plays; wooden house advan­tages; automatic flight control equipment; essential research programme; beginning college student; improved traffic flow; free school bus service; two-page story; two-bed hotel room, life-long hobby; class words and expressions; federal highway office; Dynamo versus Spartak football match; National Coal Research Institute; Electronic Research and Engineering Laboratory.

T E X T 1B

THE WHEEL, STEAM CARRIAGES AND RAILWAYS

One of mankind's earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communi­cation, only crude farming, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indian until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work ani­mals. At first all wheels were solid discs.

The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then with rubber.

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in them.

In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France. The three-wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes.

The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several im­proved steam road carriages. Their further development was prevented by railway companies. The rapid spread of railways in the United King­dom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer.

He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometres an hour and carry passengers cheaper than horses carry them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success.

In Russia the tsar's government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not be­lieve in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit (представить) projects for building railways in Russia.

Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in use. It had been invented and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skilful mechanics and serfs (крепостные). The first Russian locomotive was, of course, a "baby" compared with the locomotives of today. Under the boiler (котел) there were two cylinders, which turned the locomo­tive's two driving wheels (there were four wheels in all). At the front there was a smoke-stack, while at the back there was a platform for the driver.

Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1 The wheel:

a) was invented during the Stone Age; b) was known to American Indians before the White Man came; c) came into use during the Bronze Age.

2 In the West the first steam carriage was invented:

a) in the United Kingdom; b) in France; c) in Germany.

3 The steam locomotive:

a) was cheaper than horses; b) was not cheaper than horses; c) was more expensive than horses.

4 The Cherepanovs were:

a) engineers; b) scientists; c) mechanics.

5 The first Russian locomotive had:

a) three wheels; b) two wheels; c) four wheels.

Exercise 2. Look through the text once again and answer the following questions.

1 What kind of animals were used for work during the Bronze Age? 2 What were the first wheels like? 3 What are the stages in the devel­opment of the wheel? 4 How many people did the first steam carriage carry? 5 Who demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom? 6 Was the Russian government interested in railway transportation? 7 What were the Cherepanovs? 8 What was the first Russian locomo­tive like? 9 Are the locomotives widely used in our country? 10 What kind of locomotives are used in our country now?

Read the text and answer the questions.