30. Read text XI and answer the questions below it. Text XI. Hiv

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ). Vertical transmission from mother to infant accounts for the majority of HIV infected infants in the world. It may also be transmitted by transfusion of blood and blood products.

Pathogenesis:

-HIV + mother secondary to drug abuse, sexual contact with HIV + male;

-transmission by way of blood products (now reduced with efficient screening);

-unclear whether infections occur primarily by inoculation at time of birth.

Infected infants are often asymptomatic at time of birth. Recurrent infections, severe intractable diarrhea and failure to thrive are common clinical manifestations which may present shortly after birth.

Serology cannot be relied upon at birth. Polymerase chain reaction detection of HIV antigen in infant’s lymphocytes is strongly indicative of “true” infection in infant.

Management: good nutritional support; pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis; IV gamma globulin for antibody deficiency; antiviral prescription - AZT, DDI, others; anti-infective agents for treatment of infection.

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1. Read and learn the words by heart:

allergy, allergic, allergen	аллергия,- аллергический, аллерген
asthma, asthmatic attack	астма, приступ астмы
inheritance	Наследование
sensitivity	Чувствительность
hay fever	сенная лихорадка
urticaria	Крапивница
experience	опыт (жизненный); испытывать, чувствовать
strain	напряжение, усилие, нагрузка
selectivity	Избирательность
distress	1) тяжелое недомогание, расстройство (функции), патологическое состояние; 2)страдание
intercurrent	промежуточный, присоединившийся
recurrent; recurrent bronchitis	возвратный; хронический бронхит
pruritis	зуд, прурит
papular and giant types	папулезный и гигантский виды
purpura	Пурпур1* С V

organism penetrates through an abrasion or wound of the skin or mucous membranes are septicemia, gonococcus infection, toxemia etc.

The diseases of the fourth group are spread by living insects. It is often called “vector” way of transmitting. All these diseases, of which encephalitis is an example, are called blood infections.

In order to identify the causative agent bacteriological studies are performed to help detect such microorganisms by direct examination under the microscope of the patient’s blood, urine, stools, sputum or any pathological material withdrawn from the body.^The direct identification of the infecting agent being impossible, the proper test is used.

The characteristic feature of acute infectious diseases is their cyclic course. There are clearly defined stages in the course of infectious diseases: incubation (latent period), prodromal period, invasion period, active period, period of decline, convalescence.

The human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. It is provided by certain white blood cells which release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood plasma. Natural immunity to certain infections may be transmitted from parent to offspring. A temporary passive immunity is transmitted from mother to her infant both through the placental circulation and through the breast milk. Acquired immunity may follow a spontaneous attack of disease, the artificial inoculation of a modified virus, vaccine injections, injections of antitoxic and antibacterial sera. Immunization against communicable diseases is the most significant primary preventive measure nowadays.

The treatment of infectious disease includes the methods directed against the causative agent and its toxins, as well as the microbes of the secondary complication (treatment with sera, sulfa drugs, antibiotics), and the methods which favourably influence the reactivity of the organism and the patient’s emotional tone (blood transfusion, administration of blood plasma and serum, gamma globulin, physiotherapy, etc.). In addition, the complex of pathogenic therapy includes setting up a hygienic atmosphere for the patient, good care and proper diet.

The principles of pathogenic therapy being applied by pediatric institutions, the mortality from infections has been reduced in our country.

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