18. Read text III and answer the question: “Why do many people smoke and drink?” Express your own opinion. Text III. Avoid Destructive Habits

Smoking tobacco and drinking excessive amounts of alcoholic beverages are two of the most destructive habits in U.S. society today as far as maintaining health and preventing accidents, suicides, and disease are concerned. Many people smoke and drink to excess because of stress reduction, the need to escape from worries, persistent, and persuasive advertising to manufacturers of tobacco and alcoholic products, and social pressures.

Most people growing up in the culture of the United States today will have many occasions to engage in smoking and drinking, and many people will experiment with other kinds of recreational drugs, such as marijuana, amphetamines, or cocaine. Millions will become habituated or addicted to legal drugs - tranquilizers to reduce anxiety, antidepressants, and sedatives for pain and sleep. Repeated or excessive use becomes a dangerous habit, which eventually can result in loss of health and in sickness.

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22. Read text VI and give summary. Text VI

Hospice, a concept of supportive care for the terminally ill Inspired by the hospices of the Middle Ages, the modern movement began with the founding in 1968 of St. Christopher's Hospice in London as an alternative to the impersonal nature of hospitals and nursing homes as a place to die. The first American hospice was established in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1971. It is estimated that there are now 300 hospice programs established or being planned in the United States. In January 1980, the De­partment of Health and Human Services announced it would participate for a 30- month period in the continuing development of hospice care programs.

The hospice concept favors the comforting setting of home for the dying, cared for by family and friends as well as their doctors. The assistance of community agencies such as the Visiting Nurse Association and volunteers is provided to families, as well as 24-hour telephone contact availability. When home care is not possible, institutional - care may be had in specially built facilities or in units associated with or actually within existing hospitals. All provide trained personnel and homelike environments for patients and visitors. Of great importance in hospice care is the management of pain, which can be particularly severe in people dying of cancer. Special mixtures of pain relievers are given at around-the-clock intervals to control pain while keeping the person's mind as clear as possible. All hospice care is geared chiefly to relief of symptoms - rather than efforts to cure disease and to helping an individual to die with as much dignity and peace and as little discomfort as possible.

mouth or being judgemental; instead they should elicit how a child feels and why, and show support.

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18. Read the text II and give its summary:

Text II. History Taking Children and Doctors

The history

A structured approach to history taking is important to avoid forgetting things, but this must not become too rigid, as it is sometimes necessary to pursue a different line of questioning to gain essential information. The table opposite is a list of useful headings in pediatric history taking, and this should be memorized.

Talking to the child

Children should be asked to give their account of events with parental corroboration. Children under 5 years old will lack the vocabulary and communication skills to describe their symptoms, but will be able to point to parts that hurt.

Talking to the parents Most of the history is likely to be gained from the parents or guardians.

• Ask if they have the infant medical record book ’’this contains information about height and weight centiles, immunizations, development, and illnesses in the first few years of life.

• Ask whether the parents have any views on what the cause of the child's trouble is. Listen carefully to the parents; they are acute observers of their children.

e Ensure that all terms used are appropriately defined and you should be gleaning

information from the parents' observations and not their interpretation of the symptoms. Further, the parent may interpret a baby's cries as pain when, in fact, it is your task to establish the circumstances of the cries and, therefore, the cause.

• As children get older, the parents may have a hazy memory for early events. Establishing symptoms in relation to easily remembered events (e.g. first walked) may clarify the timeline.

Outline of paediatric history

Presenting complaint and history of presenting complaint.

Birth history: о Place of birth, о Gestation and pregnancy, о Birth weight, о Delivery.

о Perinatal events and SCBU admission.

Feeding methods and weaning, о If bottle fed, note how the bottle feed is mixed (how many scoops/number of ounces).

PMH including hospital admissions, infections, injuries.

Developmental history.

School progress.

Immunizations.

Drugs.

Allergies.

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Communication Skills

1. Read and learn by heart:

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Communication skills	навыки общения
interact	взаимодействовать
be aware of smth.	знать, сознавать, отдавать себе полный отчет
bear smth in mind	помнить, иметь в виду
gain trust	завоевать доверие
co-operation	сотрудничество
pay a compliment	сделать комплимент
interview	беседа, собеседование (врача с пациентом)
show empathy	проявлять сопереживание, сочувствие
daunting	запугивающий, устрашающий
perception	восприятие
reassure	успокаивать, утешать
reassurance	успокаивание, утешение, уверение
put smb. at ease, syn. make smb. comfortable	дать почувствовать себя непринужденно (свободно, комфортно)
concern	беспокойство, огорчение
avoid doing smth.	избегать делать что-либо
elicit	делать вывод, устанавливать
rapport	взаимоотношение; взаимопонимание
respond	отвечать, реагировать
cue	намёк
tummy	разг. живот(ик)
bug	разг. вирус, вирусная инфекция.
objective	цель
approach	подход