- •Часть 1
- •Contents
- •Введение в английскую филологию
- •2. Match the words with their synonyms:
- •2A. Fill in the gaps using the above words:
- •3. Give Russian equivalents:
- •4. Match the prepositions with the words below. Use the expressions in sentences of your own:
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word and make up sentences with the word combinations:
- •6. Fill in the tables:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •1. Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Translate the words and word-combinations into Russian:
- •Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition:
- •5. Match the synonyms:
- •6.Fill in the left part of the table with the opposites:
- •7. Translate the sentences into Russian paying special attention to the expression in bold:
- •8. Translate into English:
- •C. Focus on Grammar
- •2. Match the English word-combinations with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions:
- •4. Translate from Russian and make up sentences with these expressions:
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the following sense groups and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6. Translate from Russian into English
- •1. Match English and Russian equivalents
- •2. Match the words with their definitions:
- •Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the table:
- •4. Words often confused:
- •Translate words and sense - groups from English into Russian:
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the Russian sense groups:
- •2. Translate words and sense - groups from English into Russian:
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions:
- •1. Find the English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Give the Russian equivalents:
- •3. Fill in the gaps in the Table of Articulation Basis Peculiarities:
- •4. Collocate the verb so as to form the word-combinations from the texts:
- •The Two Main Functional Styles of English Speech and the Object of Pragmalinguistics.
- •The Study of the Content Plane.
- •The Study of the Expression Plane.
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the Russian sense - groups:
- •2. Give the Russian equivalents:
- •3. Translate the sentences from English into Russian:
- •Dictation. Write the translation of the Russian sentences:
- •1. Analyze the functions of modals and supply the appropriate Russian translation:
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions. Use the expressions in sentences of your own.
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the Russian sense groups:
- •2. Translate words and sense - groups from English into Russian:
- •3 . A) Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition from the table.
1. Give the English equivalents of the Russian sense groups:
приобретать особую важность
например
другими словами
согласный в начальной позиции
звонкий / глухой
совершенно другая картина
прежде всего
относительно слабый
особенность
прагматический важный аспект
подменять
родной язык
ударный гласный
придыхание
зачастую
избежать типичной ошибки
голосовая щель
голосовые связки
сужение голосовой щели
мышечное усилие
2. Translate words and sense - groups from English into Russian:
classification of consonants
strong plosives
fricatives
affricates
voice passage
contraction of the glottis
be pronounced with the breath glide
classification of vowels
be clearly differentiated
the presence / absence of voice
vibration of the vocal cords
as far as something is concerned
degree of effort involved in pronunciation
significant factor
the main division lies between
so far it has not received all the attention it deserved
one should be careful not to replace
be usually apprehended as
the reason is not hard to find
strong plosives
breath glide
be considerably weak
relatively strong
counterparts
3. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions:
of (*2) |
to |
from (*2) |
for |
in (*3) |
by |
be accompanied _ _ _ _ _ _ _
be kept distinct _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to confine ourselves _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the difficulty here consists _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the fact
be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ primary importance
be characteristic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ something
so much, then, _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ other words
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ this respect
be clearly distinguished _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian:
do not fully realize
So many learners of English do not fully realize that ‘whispered sounds’ are an integral element of ordinary English speech.
should be kept distinct from
The linguistic definition of whisper should be kept distinct from the popular one.
be usually apprehended as
The popular definition of whisper is usually apprehended as ‘speech without voice’.
become particularly significant
This becomes particularly significant in teaching English because the trouble with most foreign accents is that they are over-resonant.
otherwise stated
Otherwise stated, in final position (as in ‘leaves’, ‘words’, ‘’obliged’) English weak fricatives and affricates are partially whispered.
it is also a very well established fact
It is also a very well established fact that ‘whispered consonants’ present a problem for the Russian learner of English
bear in mind
To speak English properly the Russian learner of English must bear in mind the ‘whispered’ quality of English final weak fricatives and affricates.
there is every reason to believe
There is every reason to believe that the difficulty here consists in the fact that most Russian learners of English tend to rely on the opposition which is characteristic of the phonetic system of their own native language: voiced vs. voiceless consonants.
5. Write the translation of the Russian sentences:
Чтобы избежать типичной ошибки такого рода мы должны помнить это особое качество английских звуков.
Другими словами, шепот подразумевает не только отсутствие голоса (т.е. вибрации голосовых связок), но и сужение голосовой щели.
Нетрудно найти этому причину: дифференциальные признаки в фонетической системе русского и английского языков очень сильно отличаются.
Что касается английских взрывных в конечной позиции, их правильная артикуляция также представляет некоторую проблему для русских, изучающих английский язык.
Остается еще один вид работы голосовой щели, который пока еще не получил должного внимания.
C. Focus on Grammar.
Analyze the sentences and supply the appropriate Russian translation:
Now, why do we have to speak of whisper?
This peculiarity of English consonants proves to be one of the most difficult and pragmatically important aspects of English phonetics for the Russian learner to master.
Thus, English initial strong plosives are not infrequently replaced by Russian voiceless stops [П], [T], [K], the articulation of which is considerably weaker than that of their English counterparts.
This becomes especially dangerous in initial position, where English weak plosives begin as silent stops, the organs of speech being brought into contact and forming a complete closure of the voice passage.
D. Write the Summary.
Chapter 3
The basis of articulation in English and Russian: A contrastive study
А. The Study of the Content Plane.
Answer the questions:
What is the ultimate purpose of learning and teaching phonetics?
What do the main requirements of achieving the accentless pronunciation include?
Which anthropophonic tendencies constitute ‘organic basis’?
Why should they be studied in detail?
What is the general character of English speech?
What should be known about the position of the tongue?
What does the position of the tongue result in?
Where are the majority of English sounds articulated?
What should the learner of English know about the position of lips?
What are the anthropophonic tendencies forming the organic basis of Russian?
What is one of the most difficult and controversial subsystem of English sounds?
Is the knowledge of differences between the two articulation bases enough to know the way these sounds are pronounced?
How are English resonants different from Russian ones?
What position of the sounds is the most difficult for their proper pronunciation?
What happens to [m], [l] and [n] in final clusters?
Where does the production of resonants verge on singing?
What happens to the sound in singing?
B. The Study of the Expression Plane.