- •Передмова
- •Contents:
- •I. Language and Extralinguistic World
- •II. Language as a Means of Communication
- •III. Translation Definitions
- •IV. Translation Varieties
- •It is possible to mark out the following problems of translation:
- •It is acceptable to define several essential measures that are accomplished by using the consecutive translation:
- •In comparison with the synchronous translation several advantages of the consecutive translation can be outlined:
- •In practice there are three varieties of simultaneous translation, that are related to to different types of translation:
- •In comparison with the consecutive translation such the advantages of the simultaneous translation can be named:
- •V. Basic Theories of Translation
- •VI. Stylization in the Process of Translation
- •VII. Stylistic Devices of Translation
- •The name of people is substituted by the name of a city or country:
- •VIII. Lexical Devices of Translation
- •Word-building:
- •Borrowings from the other languages.
- •Substitution that is dictated by social rules and substitution by Phraseological units.
- •IX. Transformations in translation
- •I.1. Transpositions.
- •I.2. Replacements.
- •II.1. Specification.
- •II.2. Generalization.
- •II.3. The method of lexical addition.
- •II.4. The method of omission.
- •II.5. The method of semantic development.
- •II.6. The method of integral transformation.
- •II.7. The method of compensation.
- •X. Translation of Phraseological Units
- •From Greek mythology:
- •4. From the contemporary literary or historical source relating to different languages (mainly to French, Spanish, Danish, German, Italian, Arabic):
- •XII. Translation of Proverbs and Sayings
- •XIII. Translation of Nationally Biased Lexicon
- •In the plane of one language:
- •In the plane of two languages:
- •1) On the character of text.
- •2) On importance of the nationally biased lexicon in a context.
- •3) On the character of the nationally biased lexicon.
- •4) On the source language or the target one.
- •5) On a reader of translation.
- •XIV. Literary Translation
- •XV. Translation of Poetry
- •Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer
- •W. Shakespeare «Sonnet lxvi».
- •Я кличу смерть – дивитися набридло
- •Я кличу смерть, нестерпне вже буття,
- •Озимандіас
- •Озимандія
- •Озимандія
- •Bibliography:
III. Translation Definitions
Undoubtedly, translation is the very ancient type of human activity. As soon as the groups of people, the languages of which differed from each other, appeared in history of mankind, another group of people who helped to accomplish communication between «the different language communities» appeared as well. With the rise of the written language the translators who were engaged in translating different texts of official, religious and business character joined to the first interpreters. From the whole beginning translation accomplished a major social function, making the interlingual communication between people possible. The distribution of the written translations opened a wide access to cultural achievements of the other nations and did co-operation and mutual enrichment of literatures and cultures possible. Knowing the foreign languages allow reading books in the original but even one foreign language is not easy to be mastered.
Translation is the difficult and many-sided type of human activity. Although it is usually spoken about translation «from one language into the other one», but, in reality, there is not simply replacement of one language by another one in the process of translation. Different cultures, personalities, mentalities, literatures, ages, traditions etc. find expression in translation.
Translation as an unilateral and two-phases process of interlingual and intercultural communication, at which on the basis of the purposeful analysis of the primary text the second text is created, that substitutes the primary text in the other linguistic and cultural environment. The process, which is characterized by setting on the passing the communicative effect of the primary text, is partly modified by divergences between two languages, two cultures and two communicative situations. Such notions as «language and social structure» and «language and culture» are connected with translation.
The basic theoretical notions of translation include faithfulness of translation and the pragmatic adaptation unavoidably related to it. The translation carried out at the level necessary and sufficient for the transmission of unchanging plan of content at observing norms of language of translation is called faithful translation. The faithfulness of translation finds support in the real practice of translation that often does not assume the exhaustive passing the communicative and functional content of the text. It is reasoned by the compromise character that the decision accepted by a translator often has.
The achievement of translating faithfulness is connected with some losses of the sense in content of the text translated. The translation, where all the functions included in it in the rank with functional features of the text are reproduced, can be considered optimal one. The determination «functional features» defines the properties of utterance (it is the function that serves for description of objects and connection between them) and its expressive function (it is the function that expresses the attitude of a speaker towards the utterance).
However, such translation is not always possible in practice. A translator quite often has to search the special devices for the transmission of semantic and stylistic constituents of the source language text. A pragmatic equivalence between an original text and its translation is achieved in such case that determines the communicative effect properly.
The basic requirements set up to a translation can be represented in the whole chart below:
Translation must pass the words of the source language text.
Translation must pass the thoughts of the source language text.
Translation must be read as the source language text.
Translation must be read as the target language text.
Translation must reflect the style of the source language text.
Translation must reflect the style of a translator.
Translation must be read as a work modern to the source language text.
Translation must be read as a work modern to the translator.
Translation can assume additions and omissions.
Thus, translation can be defined as the exact reproduction of the source language text by the devices of the target language with saving the unity of the original text’s content and style. Translation is the linguistic process, interlingual transformation or transformation of the text that exists in one language into the text in the other language. Translation is a means of providing possibility of communication between people who communicate the different languages.