Camalia Ghottie
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Передмова
Метою даної книжки є ознайомлення студентів філологічних факультетів, факультетів іноземних мов, перекладачів, викладачів іноземних мов, а також всіх, хто цікавиться перекладом, з проблемами та основними поняттями перекладацької сфери діяльності.
Підручник знайомить з актуальними питаннями практики перекладу, прищеплює навички філологічного аналізу перекладу в зіставленні з першотвором, висвітлює питання визначення перекладу, його видів, теорій перекладу, мови як засобу комунікації, основних засобів перекладу, особливостей перекладу художніх творів, зокрема наукових, технічних, публіцистичних, поетичних та ін.
Основу підручника складає розгляд текстів українських перекладів з англійської мови.
Підручник «The Basic Course of Translation» у системі вищої освіти, на яку орієнтовано цей посібник, пов’язаний з такими курсами як «Історія української літератури», «Зарубіжна література», «Іноземна мова», «Практика перекладу» та ін.
Contents:
Language and Extralinguistic World.
Language as a Means of Communication.
Translation Definitions.
Translation Varieties.
Basic Theories of Translation.
Stylization in Translation.
Stylistic Devices of Translation.
Lexical Devices of Translation.
Transformations in Translation.
Translation of Phraseological units.
Translation Equivalence and Equivalents.
Translation of Proverbs and Sayings.
Translation of the Nationally Biased Lexicon.
Literary Translation.
Translation of Poetry.
I. Language and Extralinguistic World
A language is created and is developing now as the necessity of communication constantly accompanies the labour and daily life of people, and its satisfaction turns out to be necessary one. Therefore, language, being a means of communication, was and still remains a permanent ally and helper of a man in his labour activity and his life.
The labour activity of people is carried out at obligatory participation of language. And clearly that neither mastering labour experience, nor work of thought are impossible without application of language that permits to accomplish reading books, listening to the lectures, communicating, exchanging thoughts etc.
More obvious for understanding is the role of language in the development of science, fiction literature, educational activity of different societies. It is impossible to develop science without support of what was already attained and without expressing and fixing the work of thought in the word.
Nowadays collaboration with other countries in various areas of life such as industry, culture, science and education etc., requires knowledge of features of their culture and traditions. The culture as an aggregate of the material and spiritual values created by human society includes a language, science, knowledge, education etc. Language is not only a source of acquisition of knowledge; it enables to touch the culture of the other peoples and their mentality. The national and cultural specific of language communication consists of the system of factors, which condition a difference in organization, functions and means of the communicative processes that are the characteristic feature of the given national and cultural community.
These factors are added to the processes of intercourse at the different levels of organization, and have a different nature, but in the processes of intercourse they are interrelated with the other factors, that condition and form these processes, foremost with the linguistic factors properly, psycholinguistic and general linguistic ones. A culture includes regulating elements such as ideals, moral norms, traditions, etc. The special part in this belongs to a language and the other linguistic systems, as intercourse is the means of passing the social experience of an individual. The national specific of intercourse is represented in both social co-operation of interlocutors and in the language devices that serve it.
A text in the sign of definite culture is in the difficult relations with the cultural context of the past, present and future. Studying the co-operation of different texts cultural dialogs are researched, as well as features of their construction. Many-leveled study includes cognitive, emotional, social images of the representatives of the lingvocultural community.
Human consciousness and language form unity. In their existence they suppose each other, as internal, logically designed ideal content supposes the external material form. A language is direct activity of thought and consciousness. It participates in the process of cognitive activity as its perceptible basis or instrument. Human consciousness is not only revealed, but formed by a language as well. Our thoughts are built in accordance with our language and must correspond to it. On the contrary, people organize our speech in accordance with logic of our thought. The connection between consciousness and language is not mechanical, but organic one. They cannot be separated without destructing each other.
By means of the language the transference from perception and presentations to notions take place. In speech a person fixes his thoughts, senses and owing to it has a possibility to subject them to the analysis as an ideal object out of him. Expressing the thoughts and senses, a person gets more distinctly the idea of them. It is spoken not for nothing that if there appeared a thought, it is necessary to be told, then it will be clearer, and the foolishness concluded in it will become more obvious. A language and consciousness are single. In this unity the consciousness and thought are the determining parts, as being the reflection of reality it «models» forms and dictates the laws of linguistic existence. Through consciousness and practice the structure of language finally reflects the structure of being though in the modified form. But the unity is no identity, that’s why consciousness reflects reality, and a language designates it and expresses in thoughts.
A language and consciousness form contradictory unity. A language affects consciousness and its historically formed norms that are specific to the every nation shade in different signs in one and the same object. For example, style of thought in the German philosophical culture differs from the French one that to a certain extent relies on the features of national languages of these nations. However the dependence of thought on a language is not absolute, as thought is determined mainly by the connections with reality and a language can partly modify a form and style of thought.
A language affects consciousness and thought in that relation that it gives some forcedness to thought and carries out a kind of «tyranny» over thought, sends its motion to the channels of linguistic forms, as though driving them in the general scopes that are changeable, individually unique, emotionally coloured thoughts.
A man gets information not only by the ordinary language, but by means of the most various events of the outer world as well. For example, the smoke signals that a fire burns somewhere. But this smoke gains character of conventional sign, if people beforehand agreed about what it would mean, for example, that «the dinner is ready» etc. Language sign is a material object, process, and action etc. accomplishing the role of representative of something in the intercourse and used for acquisition, storage, transformation and transference of information.
The sign systems appeared and are developing as a material form, in which consciousness and thought are carried out, informative processes are realized in the society and in technique in the contemporary world. Under the meaning of signs the information about things, properties and relations, which are passed with their help is meant. The meaning is en expression of the objective reality in the material form of a sign. It includes perceptible and emotional components as well as motives, requests etc. that belong to the area of human mentality.
The development of the sign systems is determined by the necessities of science, technique, art, public practice etc. The use of the special symbolism, especially artificial systems, formulas, creates pre-eminences for the development of science. For example, using the signs from which the formulas are made gives the possibility to fix connections of thought and to carry out an intercourse in the international scale. A language and all the richest signed and symbolic spheres have no self-sufficient sense. All the forces of verbal intercourse, as the thought is possible only on the basis of a language, are aimed on communication in the world.
Thus, the cognition of regularities of the world and mental development of a person are accomplished by mastering the knowledge produced by humanity in the process of its social development. In this sense a language is a mean of fixing and passing the achievements of human culture science, art etc. across generations.