Урок 2.6

Текст А

Solar energy

Solar radiation. Energy from the sun is received by the earth as electromagnetic radiation. Most of the energy is received in the visible and infrared portions and a small amount as ultraviolet radiation. Solar insolation (I) is measured in Langleys (L). The amount of solar energy that exists outside the atmosphere, often called the solar constant, is 116.4 L/hr. At most 70% to 80% of this amount will strike the earth's surface, the remainder being absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere. In general, the higher the latitude the less insolation is received on a horizontal surface.

Collecting solar energy. Collection of solar energy is based on the very high absorption of radiant energy by dull, black surfaces and on the "greenhouse effect." The latter refers to the ability of glass to transmit visible radiation but prevent the loss of heat from the collector plate which radiates at longer wavelengths (infrared frequencies). Glass or plastic cover plates are generally used over flat absorber plates to reduce heat loss. The heated absorber plate may have a fluid (water, air or other) pass over it or through tubes attached to the plate. The fluid thus heated may be used to heat potable water, heat spaces, drive an absorption or power cycle air conditioner.

Notes:

Langleys (ленгли) единица солнечной радиации;

/hr (per hour) в час.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What is called the solar constant?

2. How is the energy received?

3. In what case is the less insolation received on a horizontal surface?

4. What is the collection of solar energy based on?

5. What does the "greenhouse effect" refer to?

6. What are glass or plastic cover plates generally used for?

Упражнение №1.Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Solar radiation; energy (n.); receive (v.); electromagnetic radiation; visible portion; visible radiation; infrared portion; ultraviolet radiation; solar insolation; measure (n.); atmosphere (n.); solar constant; remainder (n.); absorption (n.); absorb (v.); reflect (v.); horizontal surface; radiant energy; "greenhouse effect"; refer to (v.); ability (n.); transmit (v.); collector plate; radiate (v.); wavelength (n.); glass cover plate; plastic cover plate; flat absorber plate; heat loss; fluid (n.); pass (v.); attach (v.); potable water; power cycle air conditioner.

Упражнение №2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний.

Технический предел текучести; деформация; солнечная энергия; воздействие солнечного излучения; солнечная константа; поглощать; отражать; излучаемая энергия; парниковый эффект; длина волны; инфракрасный; поглощающая пластина; стеклянная пластина; пластиковая пластина; тепловые потери; рассеяние тепла; теплоприемник; обогреваемая пластина поглотителя (солнечного коллектора); питьевая вода; цикл перезагрузки (включения и выключения) установки для кондиционирования воздуха; управлять, приводить в действие; электромагнитное излучение; ультрафиолетовое излучение; видимая часть радиационного спектра; спектр инфракрасного излучения; получать, принимать; пластина коллектора.

Упражнение №3. Какие из перечисленных переводов являются ошибочными.

absorb	поглощение	infrared	инфрокрасный
prevent	предотвращать	glass	пластмасса
attach	атака	cycle	цикл
earth	земля	flat	плоский
through	хотя	dull	неяркий

Упражнение №.4. Переведите подчеркнутое предложение в тексте, обратите внимание на оборот the….the.

Упражнение №5. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов. Переведите их на русский язык.

To absorb; to transmit; to radiate; to reflect; to collect; to insolate; to locate; to prevent; to apply; to circulate; to construct; to react; to operate; to separate; to inspect; to instruct; to consider; to form; to reduce; to restrict; to pollute.

Упражнение №6. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. Glass (or plastic) cover plates are generally used over flat absorber plates to reduce heat loss.

2. To reach these requirements a number of measures were taken by the government.

3. By law it is required for machinery bigger as 300 MW to monitor the emissions continuously.

4. Fire tube boilers have been used in various early forms to produce steam for industrial purposes.

5. The tubes and headers from which power station boilers are assembled must be strong enough to resist internal pressure and system forces.

6. A fouled heat changer has to be cleaned once in a while, in order to keep the energy needed for operation low.

7. If unrealistically low allowable pressure drop is imposed, the designer is forced to use lower fluid velocities to maintain the pressure drop limitations.

8. A heat exchanger that suffers from fouling needs additional energy to keep operating at the same level.

9. There’s a big cover that can easily be removed to access to heat transferring channels.

Упражнение №7. Переведите предложения. Обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1. Liquid-to-liquid exchangers are suitable for most applications, pressure drop being compensated by the use of a pump.

2. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger consists of a shell on the outside and tubes inside the shell, the tubes being attached on front and rear ends.

3. A set of standards having been introduced, the designers employed the assembly tolerances in manufacture.

4. A numbering and type designation having been introduced, a certain sequence of parameters described every shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

5. The reasonable temperatures having been specified, a designer should try to maximize the product of the heat-transfer rate.

6. At most 70% to 80% of this amount will strike the earth's surface, the remainder being absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere.

Упражнение №8. Задайте пять общих и пять альтернативных вопросов к тексту.

Текст В

The amount of solar energy

The amount of solar energy collected by a solar collector depends on its efficiency, which is determined by how it is constructed, its configuration and the choice of materials used. Other parameters, not related to the physical characteristics of a solar collector, can affect performance. The atmosphere reduces the radiation received on the earth's surface and is also responsible for the scattering of light which results in diffuse, as distinct from direct, solar radiation. The diffuse component may represent as much as 25%-30% of the total solar radiation depending on the weather conditions. Cloudy days are virtually 100% diffuse solar energy. Solar flat plate collectors absorb heat from the diffuse component as well as the direct. Thus, some heat is available on partly cloudy days. The reflectance of the ground (snow, sand, water etc.) or nearby objects may also influence the amount of solar energy reaching a collector. Therefore, the amount of solar energy received at any location depends on the hour of the day, the day of the solar year and the meteorological conditions.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What does the amount of solar energy collected by a solar collector depend on?

2. What is the atmosphere responsible for?

3. What do solar flat plate collectors absorb?

4. What does the amount of solar energy received at any location depend on?

Упражнение №1. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Determine (v.); solar collector; affect (v.); performance (n.); responsible (adj.); result in (v.); diffuse (n); distinct (adj.); direct (adj.); solar radiation; weather conditions; virtually (adv.); available (adj.); partly (adv.); reflectance (n.); ground (n.); influence (n.); reach (v.); meteorological conditions.

Therefore; thus; other; which; on; and; as; as well as; from.

Упражнение №2. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Конфигурация; погодные условия; облачные дни; солнечная радиация; приводить к; отражение; рассеянный (2); песок; влияние; определять; отчасти; прямой.

Поэтому; так же как; как; от; таким образом.

Упражнение №3. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы и переведите их на русский язык, определите их функцию.

Упражнение №4. Найдите в тексте причастия и переведите их на русский язык. Определите их функцию.