Урок 2.4

Упражнение №1. Прочитайте слова.

[S] sufficient, emission, pressure, assure, issue;

[q] burner, boiler, properly, water, other, under.

Упражнение №2. Сопоставьте слово с переводом и соответствующей ему транскрипцией.

cause	[Ò±Å]	опасный
leakage	[' ÌeIÍG(q)Ïqs]	вызывать
harm	['ВРЙПВI]	рентгеновский луч
x-ray	['ΰÐIG]	вред
dangerous	[вÊ]	утечка

Текст A

Maintenance

There are a few instructions for the maintenance of the boiler. The maintenance of the boiler can be divided in maintenance of the burner and the rest of boiler. Every year a burning report has to be made. For this report the performances of the burner are tested each year. Typical measurements involve consumptions, emissions and temperatures. The burner is the part of the boiler, which causes the most problems. Because of this the boiler is inspected and cleaned two times a year. The rest of the boiler, the pipes, is cleaned only once a year. This is sufficient for the boiler to perform properly. Every two years the boiler also has to be inspected and certificated. During this inspection a number of tests take place. One of these tests is as follows. The machine is disconnected from the water circuit. Then the boiler is put under a pressure of 25 bars. In this way leakages are being tracked down. During this testing also the thickness of the boiler wall is being measured with the help of x-ray device. Every month there also a number of other tests has to be done by the personnel of the Housing Service. The low-water security system has to be tested. It is very harmful for the boiler if it contains too little water. If the temperature in the boiler could rise to dangerous values, in that case the pipes of the boiler could melt down or the boiler could explode.

Notes:

Housing Service жилищная служба

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What instructions for the maintenance of the boiler are mentioned in the text?

2. What has to be made every year?

3. What part of the boiler causes most of the problems?

4. How many times a year is the boiler inspected and cleaned?

5. What has to be done every two years?

6. What is very harmful for the boiler?

Упражнение №3. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Instruction (n.); maintenance (n.); divide (v.); burner (n.); performance (n.); perform (v.); test (v.); each year; measurement (n.); involve (v.); consumption (n.); emission (n.); cause (v.); inspection (n.); inspect (v.); clean (v.); sufficient (adj.); properly (adv.); certificate (v.); machine (n.); disconnect (v.); circuit (n.); leakage (n.); track down (v.); thickness (n.); measure (v.); x-ray device; personnel (n.); housing service; harmful (adj.); contain (v.); rise (v.); melt down (v.); explode (v.).

Also; as; this; for; that; and; too; only; once a year; each; the rest of.

Упражнение №4. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Инструкция; замеры (контроль); выбросы; система безопасности; циркуляция воды; опасные значения; расплавиться; взрываться; исследовать; вызывать; очищать; вредный; надлежащим образом; существенный;

Также; если; из-за; под; с; для; и.

Упражнение № 5. Сопоставьте слово (А) с его определением (В).

А

1. inspection;

2. emissions;

3. burner;

4. harmful;

5. leakage;

В

1. the part of a heater or an oven that produces heat or a flame;

2. a careful examination of something to find out more about it or to check for anything wrong;

3. a gas or other substance that is sent into the air;

4. the accidental admission or escape of a fluid or gas through a hole or crack;

5. causing or likely to cause harm.

Упражнение №6. Какие из перечисленных переводов являются ошибочными.

А	В	А	В
measurements	замеры	explode	взрыв
circuit	циркуляция	personnel	штат
leakage	утечка	contain	содержать
cause	вызывать	value	значение
typical	тип	clean	чистить

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие сокращения.

m ; km; mm; m ; MW; kg; ºC.

Упражнение №8. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. There are some instructions to be followed.

2. To inspect and to clean the boiler two times a year means to maintain it properly.

3. The burning report has to be made every year.

4. It is sufficient to the boiler to perform properly.

5. Some boilers provide the water to be heated at temperatures of 120ºC up to 180ºC.

6. There are some problems to be overcome.

7. The classification of the boilers depends on the water circulation to be boiled.

8. A consideration of the modern manufacturing methods to be used is important

9. The tubes and headers from which power station boilers to be assembled must be strong enough to resist internal pressure and system forces.

10. It is very harmful for the boiler to contain too little water.

Упражнение №9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на условные предложения.

1. If the burner causes some problems the boiler will be inspected and cleaned.

2. If the boiler didn’t perform properly engineers would inspect it.

3. It is very harmful for the boiler if it contains too little water.

4. If the temperature in the boiler rose to dangerous values, in that case the pipes of the boiler would melt down or the boiler would explode.

5. If materials are exposed to cyclic loadings while operating at temperatures within their creep range, the creep will reduce their fatigue life.

6. If the steam pressure and capacities were high fire tube boilers would need a large diameter shell.

7. If the boiler had large diameter the shell would operate under high pressure.

Текст В

Emissions

Other safety measures that have to be checked monthly are the flame safety, the pressure over the boiler, the temperature safety and the flow safety. The cleaning costs of the burner are 4000-5000 euros a year. The costs for cleaning the pipes and the walls are around 3500 euros a year. The total cleaning cost for the rest of the burner is 1000-2000 euros a year.

Regulations. There are different environment problems to which an industrial boiler contributes. Two of these problems are: smog and the acidification of the environment. These problems are among others caused by emissions of SO , NOx and fly ash in the flue gases. The values are for a moderate size boiler. The governments of the different countries in the European Community have made programs for reducing the amount of NOx and SO emissions. These programs contain the maximum amount emission that may be thrust out for each country each year. They also contain a time schedule. The maximum amount of emission has to become less every year. In order to reach these requirements a number of measures were taken by the government. Among others, laws were made involving the maximum amount of emission for a boiler and other polluting machinery. In order to control the amount produced the emissions have to be monitored. By law it is required for machinery as big as 300 MW to monitor the emissions continuously.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What safety measures have to be checked monthly?

2. How much does the cleaning of the burner cost?

3. What environment problems does an industrial boiler contribute to?

4. What programs have the governments of the different countries in the European Community made?

5. What do these programs contain?

6. What requirements must be reached?

Упражнение № 1. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Check (v.); monthly (adv.); regulation (n.); contribute (v.); smog (n.); acidification (n.); fly ash; flue gas; moderate (adj.); size (n.); government (n.); country (n.); the European Community; make (v.); reduce (v.); amount (n.); contain (v.); thrust out (v.); time schedule; become (v.); reach (v.); requirement (n.); measure (n.); involve (v.); polluting machinery; monitor (v.).

Which; among; a number of; in order to; less; other; by; and; these; each; that; for.

Упражнение № 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Закисление (повышение кислотности) среды; календарный план, правительство; контролировать (2); требовать; вовлекать; сокращать; содержать; производить; выбрасывать; копоть; смог; количество; окружающая среда; ежемесячно; каждый год; производственное оборудование, загрязняющее окружающую среду; по закону; дымовой газ;

Среди; в; два; также; и; для; который.

Упражнение № 3. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

А	В	А	В
also	дымовой газ	among	безопасность
requirement	производить	flue gas	количество
monthly	требование	fly ash	ежемесячно
monitor	среди	produce	копоть
size	размер	amount	также
emissions	контролировать	safety	выбросы

Упражнение № 4. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы. Определите их функции.

Упражнение № 5. Найдите в тексте причастия I и II (Participle I&II). Определите их функции.