Урок 2.3

Упражнение № 1. Прочитайте слова.

[E:] turbine, purpose, per, person, emergency, transfer;

[±] large, bar, part, partially, carbon.

Упражнение №2. Сопоставьте слово с его переводом и соответствующей ему транскрипцией.

power	['kÓ³ÄIk]	кубичческий
enormous	['pÕu¶]	час
hour	[I'ͲŶs]	огромный
coal	[Õuq]	мощность
cubic	[kquÎ]	уголь

Текст A

An industrial boiler in practice

A power plant boiler. An industrial boiler can be found in a large range of applications. The largest boilers can be found in power stations. These large boilers are mostly coal-fired systems. The power of such large power stations is 150 MW. The boiler in such a large facility is cubic in shape and of typical dimensions 18m wide, 40m long and 60m high. The steam leaves the boiler for the steam turbines. The flames in the boiler reach temperatures close to 2000 C. The boiler pressure may typically be 100-150 bar and be at a temperature of 500-550 C. The boiler produces steam at 104 bar and 53 C. A 660 MW system converts over 2 million litres of water into steam an hour. This is done in more than 450 km boiler tubes. The fuel consumption of such a boiler is enormous. It consumes 250 tons of coal an hour. This is around 70 kg/second. The total efficiency of a power station, this means from the energy in the coal to electrical energy is in the order of 35-40 %. The purchasing costs of a large coal fired steam boiler are in the order of 30-40 euro/kW.

Notes:

MW (Mega Watt) мега ватт;

m (metre) метр;

km (kilometer) километр;

million миллион;

kg/second (kilogram per second) килограмм в секунду;

euro евро, денежная единица;

kW (kilowatt) киловатт.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. Where can an industrial boiler be found?

2. What boilers are mostly coal-fired systems?

3. How many litres of water does a 660 MW system convert into steam an hour?

4. How many tons of coal does it consume an hour?

5. What is the total efficiency of a power station?

6. What are the purchasing costs of a large coal fired steam boiler?

Упражнение №3. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

A power plant boiler; an industrial boiler; large range of application; power station; coal-fired system; power (n.); facility (n.); cubic (adj.); shape (n.); dimension (n.); wide (adj.); long (adj.); steam turbine; flame (n.); reach (v.); close to; typically (adv.); produce (v.); convert (v.); consumption (n.); consume (v.); enormous (adj.); total efficiency; mean (v.); energy (n.); electrical (adj.); purchasing cost.

Such; into; more than; this; these; m; kg; MW; kW.

Упражнение №4. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Энергетический котел; промышленный котел; применение; система, работающая на угольном топливе; форма; размер; паровая турбина; потребление; потреблять; огромный; общая производительность; электрическая энергия.

В; и; более чем; этот; для.

Упражнение №5. Сопоставьте слово (А) с его определением (В).

А

1. power station;

2. steam turbine;

3. consumption;

4. efficiency;

5. application.

В

1. practical purpose for which a machine, idea etc. can be used, or a situation when this is used;

2. a turbine in which a high-velocity jet of steam rotates drum;

3. the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in;

4. the amount of energy, oil, electricity etc. that is used;

5. a building where electricity is produced to supply a large area.

Упражнение №6. Переведите данные существительные и образуйте группы существительных.

power	plant	transfer	steam
fire	heat	differences	circulation
medium	water	station	fluid
pressure	boiler	temperature	drum
tube	properties	parts	velocity

Упражнение №7. Какие из перечисленных переводов являются ошибочным.

А	В	А	В
steam	пар	reach	богатый
consumption	потреблять	coal	уголь
turbine	турбина	electrical	электричество
costs	затраты	convert	конверт

Упражнение №8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1. All the temperatures being known, the log mean temperature difference can be calculated.

2. The work having been done, the workers went home.

3. The inner tube is very long and is bent into a U-shape, the shell or outer tube being bolted to a connector at the end.

4. Low allowable pressure drop being imposed, the designer is forced to use lower fluid velocities.

5. A fluid or gas being used, the heat exchanger can contain dissolved inorganic salts.

6. The heat transfer surface being low, a fluid flowing through a heat exchanger can actually freeze on the surfaces.

7. A heat exchanger being cleaned offline, there is no production.

8. A lot of researches having been done, the engineers could work easily.

9. The advantage of online cleaning is that the heat exchanger will not have to be shut down, shutdown costs being reduced.

10. The online maintenance being more preferable, all kinds of online cleaning methods were developed.

Упражнение №9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастия I и II (Participle I и II). Определите функции причастий.

1. The effectiveness number of transfer units is a dimensionless parameter used widely in the analysis of heat exchangers.

2. With the calculated number of transfer units and the ratio of capacitance an effectiveness of 0.58 is retrieved.

3. Welding problems including solidification cracking and hydrogen induced cracking have to be overcome.

4. Materials are exposed to cyclic loadings while operating at temperatures within their creep range.

5. Engineers working with boilers must take into account the mechanical properties.

6. One method to remove foulants, developed by a firm called Advanced Heat Transfer Technologies, is the Automatic Tube Brushing.

7. This system consisting of two main parts can be applied to almost any heat exchanger.

8. The exchanger fluid flowing through the tubes takes the brush with it from the cage on the one side to the other one.

9. By reversing the flow direction, the brush will then be taken to the other side again.

10. A special valve turning the flow two or three times a day, depending on the severity of the fouling in the heat exchanger is activated by an automatic control panel.

Текст B

Application area (boilers at the TUE)

Boilers are not only used in large industrial plants to create steam. Boilers are also used for other applications. In the ‘kettle house’ (boiler home) at the university there are 5 boilers. These boilers do not create steam; they provide the water, which is used to heat the buildings. The water they provide is heated from temperatures of 120ºC up to 180ºC, which means the water will have pressures up to 10 bars. The total capacity of these 5 boilers together is 56 MW. One of these boilers is built by Bronswerk N.V. in Rotterdam. This gas-fired boiler has a capacity of 14 MW. Although the capacity is considerably less than the previous discussed coal fired system, it is still more than 6 meters high, 4 meters wide and 6 meters long. The amount of gas consumed depends on the load of the boiler. With full load the boiler consumes around 1300 m /hour of gas. The empty weight of the boiler is 40,000 kg and it can contain 9,000 litres of water. The water used in the boiler is treated before it enters the system. A substance preventing corrosion in the system is being added which binds oxygen. The boiler can heat up to 255 m of water an hour. In the boiler the water flows through pipes with a diameter of 63.5 mm. The pipes are 2.9 mm thick. The heat exchange surface is 440 m . The total length of pipes in the boiler is thus 2.2 km.

Notes:

TUE Технический университет в Эйндховене

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. Where are boilers used?

2. What do they provide? What is water used for?

3. What capacity does one of the gas-fired boilers have built by Bronswerk N.V. in Rotterdam?

4. What does the amount of gas consumed depend on?

5. When is the water used in the boiler treated?

6. What prevents corrosion in the system?

7. What amount of water can the boiler heat an hour?

Упражнение №1. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Create (v.), provide (v.), heat (v.), building (n.), mean (v.), pressure (n.), capacity (n.), together (adv.), build (v.), gas-fired boiler, considerably (adv.), amount (n.), consume (v.), load (n.), empty (adj.), weight (n.), contain (v.), treat (v.), enter (v.), substance (n.), add (v.), bind (v.), oxygen (v.), prevent (v.), corrosion (n.), flow (v.), pipe (n.), diameter (n.), thick (adj.), exchange surface, length (n.).

Thus, although, through, still, more than, which, other, for, also, with, thus, and.

Упражнение №2. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Обсуждать; пустой; значительно; кислород; диаметр; длина; зависеть; содержать; обеспечивать; нагревать; очищать; предотвращать; пар; вес.

Таким образом; до; в; эти; менее чем; через; с.

Упражнение №3. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

А	В	А	В
industrial	вместе	load	таким образом
together	значить	considerably	нагрузка
mean	предотвращать	prevent	значительно
provide	промышленный	thus	обеспечивать

Упражнение №4. Найдите в тексте причастия I и II (Participle I & II). Определите функцию и переведите на русский язык.