Урок 2.1

Упражнение № 1. Прочитайте слова.

[¿] pressure, sufficient, emission, assure, issue;

[É] vessel, classified, pass, process, thickness, stress, less.

Упражнение №2. Сопоставьте слово с переводом и соответствующей ему транскрипцией.

boiler	[Çj³qÎ]	сосуд, бак
fuel	[gxÉ]	бойлер
vessel	[Ë(j)³Ä]	газ
tube	['ÈÂÉ(q)Î]	труба
gas	['ÄLIÎq]	топливо

Текст А

Types of boilers

Boilers can be classified in various ways; depending on firing method used, fuel fired, field of application, type of water circulation employed, and pressure of steam etc. Depending on their construction boilers can be divided into: fire tube boilers, water tube boilers.

The fire tube boilers. (Figure 1.1) Fire tube boilers have been used in various early forms to produce steam for industrial purposes. The fire tube boiler is a special form of the shell-tube type boiler. A shell type boiler is a closed, usually cylindrical vessel that contains water. Hot gases pass through the tubes during the heat transfer process. The shell boiler evolved into modern forms such as the electric boiler, in which heat is supplied by electrodes embedded in the water.

Figure 2.1: Fire tube boiler.

Water tube boilers. (Figure 2.2) The difference between fire tubes and water tubes is simply; water flows through water tubes instead of fire. The advantage of the water tube boiler is that it can work in high steam pressure and capacities. With higher steam pressure and capacities, fire tube boilers would need large diameter shell. With such large diameter, the shell would have to operate under such extreme pressure and thermal stresses that their thickness would have been too large. Depending on the steam pressure boilers can be divided into: a) low pressure –1.5 bar; b) medium pressure, from 1.5 – 20 bar; c) high pressure , higher than 20 bar.

Figure 2.2: Water tube boiler.

Notes:

bar бар, единица давления;

firing method метод сжигания.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. How can boilers be classified?

2. How can boilers be divided depending on their construction?

3. Where have fire tube boilers been used?

4. What is the difference between fire tubes and water tubes?

5. What is the advantage of the water tube boiler?

6. How can boilers be divided depending on the steam pressure?

Упражнение №3. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Firing method, fuel (n.), field of application, water circulation, employ (v.), pressure of steam, construction (n.), divide into (v.), fire tube boiler, water tube boiler, produce (v.), industrial purpose, cylindrical (adv.), vessel (n.), contain (v.), hot gas, heat transfer process, shell boiler, evolve (v.), modern form, electric boiler, supply (v.), electrode (n.), embedded, instead (prep.), high steam pressure, capacity (n.), need (v.), operate (v.), extreme pressure, thermal stress, thickness (n.), low pressure, medium pressure, high pressure.

Упражнение №4. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Метод сжигания; топливо; область применения; циркуляция воды; давление пара; дымогарный котел; водотрубный котел; кожухотрубный тип бойлера; электроды; погружать; электрический бойлер; высокое давление пара.

Упражнение №5. Сопоставьте слово (А) с его определением (В).

А

1. boiler;

2. diameter;

3. electrode;

4. circulation;

5. to operate.

В

1. a straight line from one side of a circle to the other side, passing through the centre of the circle, or the length of this line;

2. the movement of liquid, air etc. in a system;

3. a small piece of metal or a wire that is used to send electricity through a system or through a person's body;

4. to use and control a machine or equipment;

5. a container for boiling water that is part of a steam engine or is used to provide heating in a house.

Упражнение №6. Переведите следующие предложения, определите время и залог сказуемого.

1. The engineers divide boilers depending on their construction.

2. A shell type boiler is a closed usually cylindrical vessel that contains water.

3. The shell boiler evolved into modern forms such as the electric boiler.

4. Fire tube boilers have been used in various early forms to produce steam for industrial purposes.

5. Hot gases passed through the tubes.

6. Fire tube boilers and water tube boilers are used in industry.

7. The shell boiler is operating under extreme pressure.

8. By that time the work will have been done.

Упражнение №7. Переведите следующие предложения, определите форму и функцию причастия I (Participle I).

1. A shell type boiler is a closed, usually cylindrical vessel containing water.

2. Water tube boiler is a boiler working in high steam pressure and capacities.

3. Fire tube boiler producing steam for industrial purposes is a special form of the shell-tube type boiler.

4. The engineers using boilers must take into account (учитывать) the field of their application.

5. Boiler is a device providing a hot-water supply. 

6. A standard shell-and-tube heat exchangers consisting of a shell on the outside and tubes inside the shell are made of standard steel or wrought-iron pipe.

7. The fouling increasing total amount of energy added to the system and decreasing the efficiency is an absolutely not-wanted phenomenon.

8. The engineers analysing the fouling problem have to invent a heat exchanger that doesn’t suffer from forming deposits on heat transfer surface.

9. The heat transfer surface operating as a catalyst is not consumed in the reaction.

10. Biological micro- and macro-organisms sticking to the heat transfer surface is a big problem.

Упражнение №8. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.

1. Boilers can be classified in various ways.

2. Depending on their construction boilers can be divided into: fire tube boilers and water tube boilers.

3. The advantage of the water tube boiler is that it can work in high steam pressure and capacities.

4. A fouled heat changer has to be cleaned once in a while.

5. The problem is that the heat exchanger that doesn’t suffer from fouling still has to be invented.

6. In spiral heat exchangers there is only one channel, so when some foulant does attach, the flow still has to go through.

7. The hot fluid and the cold fluid may flow in opposite directions.

8. Peek temperatures may occur when fuel and air are not properly mixed.

9. The designer needs to make decisions about the classifications like the choice between fire tube boilers and water tube boilers.

Упражнение №9. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие сослагательное наклонение, переведите их на русский язык.

Text B

Water circulation. Boilers can be classified depending on water circulation: a) natural, b) forced, c) once-through. Water circulates from the steam drum via downcomer pipes to a bottom header, up the water tubes (which act as risers), where it partially boils, and goes back to the steam drum. The density of the saturated water in downcomers is greater than the average density of the two phase-mixtures in the risers. Natural circulation is dependent upon the difference these two densities and the height of the drum above the bottom headers. But some of these processes require additional help by pumping the single phase flow. The process is called forced-circulation. The once-through boiler is the only type suited to supercritical pressure operation (above 220 bar, for steam) because the latent heat beyond the critical point is zero and liquid and vapor are one and the same, so no separation drum is needed. Boiler can be also classified by their energy source: coal, liquid, fuel, gas, biomass, geothermal, nuclear.

Notes:

geothermal геотермальный;

via через.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. How can boilers be classified depending on water circulation?

2. How does water circulate?

3. What is natural circulation dependent upon?

4. What process is called forced-circulation?

5. What type of suits to supercritical pressure operation?

Упражнение №1. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Header (n.); density (n.); vapor (n.); coal (n.); height (n.); biomass (n.); liquid (n.); nuclear (adj.); riser (n.); act (v.); classify (v.); boil (v.); pump (v.); require (v.); suit (v.); need (v.); geothermal (adj.); partially (adv.); natural water circulation; forced water circulation; once-through boiler; steam drum; downcomer pipe; water tube; saturated water; average density; two phase-mixtures; single phase flow; supercritical pressure; latent heat; critical point; separation drum; energy source.

Упражнение №2.Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Двухфазная смесь; разделительный паровой барабан; спускная труба (циркуляционная труба); коллектор; насыщенная вода; плотность; течение однородной жидкости (однофазный поток); принудительная циркуляция (насосная циркуляция); сверхкритическое давление; источник энергии; ядерный бойлер; вертикальный трубопровод; прямоточный бойлер; скрытое тепло (потенциальное тепло фазового перехода); критическая точка (значение, температура); за пределами.

И; также; поэтому; над; потому что; для; обратно; через; чем, этот.

Упражнение №3. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

А	В	А	В
header	ядерный	geothermal	коллектор
density	за пределами	coal	геотермальный
fuel	уголь	liquid	топливо
beyond	плотность	gas	источник
source	газ	nuclear	жидкость
require	подходить	suit	требовать
latent	высота	height	скрытный
force	барабан	drum	принуждать

Упражнение №4. Какие видовременные формы глагола использованы в тексте.

Упражнение №5. Найдите в тексте модальные глаголы.