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The use of present forms

PERFECT

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

have + VIII (Ved), has + VIII (Ved)

have been + Ving, has been + Ving

1. Для выражения недавно завершившихся действий:

She has just tidied the room. (She has finished tidying the room. You can see it is tidy now.)

John has just arrived.

1. Для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и длилось до настоящего момента:

Jane has been reading the book for two hours.

2. Для выражения действия имевшего место в неуказанный период времени, которое связано результатом с настоящим моментом:

Peter has lost his key. (He is still looking for it.)

2. Для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое имеет видимый результат в настоящем:

The girl has been crying. (Her eyes are red.)

3. Когда речь идет о чьем-либо личном опыте или переменах в жизни:

Mary has lost 10 kilos.

I have never been to London.

Have you ever seen this film?

3. Для выражения недовольства, критики или раздражения:

Who has been wearing my scarf? It is dirty.

PERFECT

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

have + VIII (Ved), has + VIII (Ved)

have been + Ving, has been + Ving

4. Когда логическое ударение падает на количество:

She has written three letters since this morning (so far).

I have read 150 pages so far.

He has run 2 kilometres so far.

4. Когда логическое ударение падает на длительность действия (обычно со словами for, since, how long):

She has been talking on the phone for hours.

5. Для выражения действия, которое произошло в период времени, который еще не закончился:

This year I have finished school. (I finished school last year).

We have met Madonna. (She is alive. But: I saw Charlie Chaplin. He is dead now. I won’t see him again. — period of time now finished.)

5. Глаголы, которые не употребляются во временах группы Continuous ставятся в форму Present Perfect.

6. Слова-маркеры: just, already, ever, never, yet (-, ?), how long, so far, recently, lately, since, for, today, this week/ month etc.

6. Слова-маркеры: How long ...?; for, since.

Stative verbs

  1. Verbs of senses: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice.

  2. Verbs of opinion and mental processes: agree, admire, appear, appreciate, assume, believe, consider, doubt, expect, imagine, know, mind (= object), presume, recognize, suppose, think (= consider), trust, understand.

  3. Verbs of emotions: like, dislike, love, adore, appreciate, detest, forgive, hate, care for, respect.

  4. Verbs denoting wish: want, wish, desire.

  5. Other verbs: allow, appear (=seem), astonish, be, belong, claim, concern, consent, consist, depend, deserve, differ, displease, envy, equal, fail + infinitive, fit, forbid, have, hold (= contain), interest, keep + gerund, look (=appear), manage + infinitive, matter, mean, need, object, owe, own, pertain, please, possess, prefer, prevent, puzzle, refuse, remind, resemble, result, require, satisfy, seem, sound, succeed, suffice, weigh, value.

STATE

ACTION

The ice-cream smells of strawberries.

– Why are you smelling your ice-cream?

The milk tastes awful.

  • The child is tasting the milk.

I see you are in trouble.

  • I’m seeing my dentist tonight.

This cloth feels like silk.

  • The man is feeling his way in the dark.

She appears to be busy.

  • The actor is appearing on the stage.

The baby weighs 5 kilos.

  • She is weighing the baby.

I have a sister.

  • I’m having dinner now.

Jane is quite (She is always quite)

  • Lane is being quite today (only today, usually she is naughty).

He thinks there is nobody in the room.

  • He is thinking about their offer.

She thinks the rule is difficult.

  • She is thinking over the rule.

He comes from Italy. (He was born in Italy.)

  • He is coming from Italy. (He was in Italy.)

This dress fits you perfectly.

  • The workers are fitting the linoleum to the room.

I love classical music. ( in general)

  • I’m loving this piece of music. (= I’m enjoying. specific)