
- •Content
- •Introduction
- •Sillabus
- •1. Data for teachers
- •2. Data on discipline
- •5. Brief description of the discipline
- •6. Content of the discipline 6.1. List of lectures
- •7. Schedule of the tasks and surrender of discipline «Economic theory" for students independent work
- •8. References The laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Letters (Message) of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Regulations rk
- •Basic literature:
- •Additional literature:
- •9. Course policy
- •10. Information on the assessment of knowledge
- •Scheme of assessment of knowledge on the discipline
- •Tentative map Assessment of the students exam
- •2. Glossary
- •3. A short course of lectures
- •1.1 Economic needs, economic benefits and economic resources.
- •1.2 The subject of economic theory
- •1.3 Methods and functions of economic theory
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production
- •2.1 The bases of social production
- •2.2 Structure of social production
- •2.3 Economic Systems. Types of economic systems
- •1. The traditional economic system
- •2. Command and administration economy system
- •3. Market economic system
- •4. Mixed system
- •3.1 Economic and legal content property
- •The system of property relations
- •Fig. 1. The structure of ownership
- •4.1 The forms of social economy. Commodity economy
- •4.2 The nature and function of the market
- •Invariant category that has general economic features inherent to any commodity production.
- •4.3 Origin, nature and function of money
- •4.4 The essence of entrepreneurship and its feature
- •5.1 Demand. Factors determining the demand. The law of supply
- •5.2 Supply. Factors determining the sentence. The law of Supply
- •5.3 Interaction of supply and demand market equilibrium
- •5.3 Elasticity and its types
- •Elastic demand
- •5.4 The theory of consumer behavior
- •6.1 The essence of competition. The theory of perfect and imperfect competition
- •1. On the market at the same time there are many firms, each of which occupies a small share of the market
- •2. Homogeneity of products
- •3. Freedom of entry and exit from the industry
- •4. There fairness information
- •6.2 Theory of monopoly
- •Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- •6.3 Antitrust and competition policy
- •7.1 The reproduction process of capital
- •7.2 Basic and working capital
- •Scheme 1. Factors of self-financing
- •Incease in profits
- •7.3 Investment as a source of financing of productive assets
- •Theme 8. Costs and revenues of the enterprise (company)
- •8.1 Nature and types of costs
- •8.2 Revenue and its types
- •8.3 Profit and its role in the development of the company
- •9.1 Peculiarities the demand for resources
- •9.2 Labor market and wage
- •9.3 Capital markets and interest rates
- •Fig. 16. Demand for capital Fig. 17. Supply of capital
- •9.4 The land market. Land rent
- •10.1 The national economy as a system
- •10.2 System of National Accounts
- •10.3 The macroeconomic indicators and methods of calculation
- •Methods of measuring gnp
- •The calculation of gnp expenditure
- •Calculating gnp by revenue
- •The calculation of gnp "value added"
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium
- •11.1 Macroeconomic equilibrium and its characteristics
- •11.2 Model employment resources
- •12.1 Cyclical nature of the market economy
- •12.2 The Economic cycle and its variants
- •12.3 The concept of economic growth the measurement
- •Types and factors of economic growth
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation are both manifestations of economic instability
- •13.1 Essence and basic forms of unemployment
- •13.2 The effect of unemployment rate on the value of gnp. Okun's Law
- •13.3 Inflation and its causes
- •14.1 Concept and types of monetary systems
- •14.2 The demand for money and money supply
- •14.3 The structure of the financial system
- •14.4 State budget and public debt
- •14.5 Principles and forms of taxation
- •14.6 International relations: the nature, form
- •4. Assignments for practical classes and self-study Theme 1. Subject and method of economics (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production (1 hour)
- •1. As played wealth?
- •2. The goods are different from the natural product?
- •3. Economic Geography
- •4. Find the right answer
- •5. Graphic problem.
- •6. The concept of "services" and "intangible benefits"
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 3. Property relations and their role in the economy (1 hour)
- •1. Questions about the nature of the property
- •7. What is true and false?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 4. Foundations of a market economy and business activities (1 hour)
- •1. Gogol about the farm landowners Plyushkin
- •6. Adventures scientist w. Cameron
- •7. Find the right answer
- •8. Function of money
- •9. The design task
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 5. Fundamentals of the theory of supply and demand (2 hours)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 6. Competition and Monopoly (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 7. Circuit and the circulation of capital (funds) of enterprise (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 8. Expenses and income of the company (the company) (1 hour)
- •8. All the profit goes to a businessman?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 9. Factor markets and formation of factor income (1 hour)
- •Theme 10. The national economy as a system (1 hour)
- •2. The table presents the nominal and real gdp over the period 1999 to 2003
- •3. By the terms of the left hand column find the definition in the right column.
- •4. True-false:
- •5. Does Kazakhstan's gdp this article? If not, why not? If so, then the calculation of expenditure and revenue and in what specific section?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •1. Right - wrong:
- •2. Activation of the human factor
- •4. Types of intensification of production.
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation as a manifestation of economic instability (1 hour)
- •2. Economic challenge.
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 14. The main directions of economic policy (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •5. Questions for the interim control for the subject "Economic Theory"
- •5. 1 Questions for the 1-st interim control
- •5.2 Questions for the 2nd interim control
- •6. Tests to consolidate students' knowledge
- •References
6.3 Antitrust and competition policy
Competition policy - a set of measures of the government, aimed at the prevention, control and suppression of monopolistic activity, providing all enterprises a level playing field and to avoid unfair competition.
The main measures of antitrust policy:
1. Measures for the correction of conduct that prohibits anti-competitive actions. Anti-competitive effects: the agreement on price-fixing and market-sharing, agreements of exclusive supply or distribution of goods, which are imposed on the dominant company to its partners, dumping, busting competition.
2. Structural policy in the structural changes of the industry. For example, the division of a large company for a number of small independent firms, banning the merger of two large firms, getting pregnant with a dominant position in the market.
The most typical actions of monopolies who meet the definition of restrictive practices are:
1) monopolization of the market - this is when some company control over a larger share of the market;
2) price-fixing - when the industry by colluding concerted decision on the level of prices and production;
3) the merger - as a result of vertical or horizontal mergers newly organized company restricts competition in the industry;
4) re directorates - when leaders of the two or more companies are the same people that can carry the same price policy;
5) price discrimination - producers can sell their products to different groups of customers at different prices. The law requires them to sell everything in the same price, if the price difference is not due to differences in production costs.
The implementation of the competition law abroad in the administrative, judicial or mixed order. In the latter case, the decisions of administrative bodies can be appealed in the courts.
In the U.S., the main job of government control of monopolistic activity holds Antitrust Division of the Ministry of Justice, which has the authority to take legal action against those who violate the antitrust laws. In Germany, the state regulation of market relations, which leads to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive monopolization, do the so-called authorities Cartel. These bodies are the Federal Office for the cartels, the Federal Minister of Economics and the highest national lands. These adjacent Monopolies Commission, created to provide opinions on the concentration of enterprises in Germany.
In France, the monopolistic control over the activities assigned to the Competition Council. Ministry of Economy and the courts of general jurisdiction. The Competition Board is an independent administrative authority, the decisions of which the Minister of the economy cannot impose a "veto". He is an advisory function commissioned by various agencies and organizations, and in some cases self imposed sanctions. Important part of the control of monopolistic practices in France is to check the economic concentration in the market. At the initiative of the Minister of Economy of the Competition Council can be checked on the concentration of any project or any concentration of enterprises that can harm competition, in particular, the creation or strengthening of a dominant position in the market.
In conducting antimonopoly policy in transition economies should be borne in mind that the structure of production in most of them specific. This is because the command economy was characterized by a high degree of monopolization. Therefore, competition policy must take into account features of the economic structure of these countries.
Developed countries (the UK, Germany, USA) played a significant role in the development and adoption of competition laws, training of relevant personnel, initial support antitrust authorities in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Baltic States. In these countries, at the initial stage of the transition have been taken antitrust laws, which generally follow the Western European model.
For countries with economies in transition in antitrust policy to promote competition are particularly relevant measures leading to the liberalization of the market: the reduction of customs duties, the abolition of import quotas, facilitating licensing procedures, stimulation of small and medium-sized businesses, the creation of a favorable investment climate for foreign investors, state support for import and export sectors.
In each economy there are markets where competition is not desirable or even possible. If production is accompanied by substantial economies of scale, so that the long-term costs always decrease with increase in the volume of production, in this case, better to have a single vendor than the entire industry, consisting of a set of firms. This is the only producer is called a natural monopoly.
Conditions of natural monopoly characteristic of the so-called public utilities, which include, in particular, the enterprise power, water, heat, gas, telephone, telegraph, and trunk oil pipelines, truck and bus traffic, etc. As a rule, they are high fixed costs. This allows for economies of scale, that is, lower costs per unit of output (middle) with the increase in production volumes. It is this that determines the efficiency of the concentration of production from a single manufacturer. The state protects the monopoly in this sector.
In Kazakhstan, the natural monopoly regulated by the Law "On Natural Monopolies" dated July 9, 1998. It defines the scope, actors, rights and obligations of natural monopolies, duties consumer services of natural monopolies and other legal and regulatory issues.
Such a practice of state regulation of natural monopolies is the case in countries that emerged after the collapse of the USSR, which makes the problem of the role and forms of state action.
Currently, it is government regulation - the alternative, which is the most widely held in the world. And the main task of the state is administrative methods to achieve the same results (in terms of contribution of these industries to the welfare of society and its individuals), which in other areas of the economy are achieved by the action of a competitive mechanism.
Basic rules of regulation of natural monopolies are:
- Prices should be as close to marginal cost;
- Profits should provide only the normal rate of return;
- Production should be effective.
Kazakhstan is one of the first CIS country adopted the Law "On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities" in June 1991, economic conditions of that period did not only problematic to the success of the anti-monopoly measures, but generally lay the foundations of a normal market economy. Conducted in 1993-1994. Reorganization of ministries and agencies in the public companies in the form of holding companies, national and state joint-stock companies (NAC and SAC) increased production monopoly of organizational and administrative monopoly. Thus, the SJC "Astyk" monopolized the grain market the entire process chain from the field to the counter: it united in a single structure all the companies on the harvesting, storage and processing of grain products.
Formed to date market in Kazakhstan has certain specificity. Specialists believe that it can be called a large extent liberalized, but not competitive, because:
a) the number of available vendors, customers and resellers, well below the minimum, which prevents the possibility of monopolistic impact of any of them on the price level, commodity production and supply;
b) the total capacity of goods-producing and trading network does not provide the saturation of the market at the secondary level of effective demand.
c) has not yet formed a common market place, there are many local markets various product groups, limited local governments, informative, taxation, transportation, etc. conditions, the possibility of packaging, storage, delivery, and other constraints.
The system of antitrust economics includes the following elements:
• The concept of monopoly, its qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
• Types of monopolistic activities will be banned.
• Definition of antitrust authorities, their tasks, functions and powers.
• Penalties for violation of antitrust laws.
Theme 7. Circuit and the circulation of capital (funds) of enterprises