- •Content
- •Introduction
- •Sillabus
- •1. Data for teachers
- •2. Data on discipline
- •5. Brief description of the discipline
- •6. Content of the discipline 6.1. List of lectures
- •7. Schedule of the tasks and surrender of discipline «Economic theory" for students independent work
- •8. References The laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Letters (Message) of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Regulations rk
- •Basic literature:
- •Additional literature:
- •9. Course policy
- •10. Information on the assessment of knowledge
- •Scheme of assessment of knowledge on the discipline
- •Tentative map Assessment of the students exam
- •2. Glossary
- •3. A short course of lectures
- •1.1 Economic needs, economic benefits and economic resources.
- •1.2 The subject of economic theory
- •1.3 Methods and functions of economic theory
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production
- •2.1 The bases of social production
- •2.2 Structure of social production
- •2.3 Economic Systems. Types of economic systems
- •1. The traditional economic system
- •2. Command and administration economy system
- •3. Market economic system
- •4. Mixed system
- •3.1 Economic and legal content property
- •The system of property relations
- •Fig. 1. The structure of ownership
- •4.1 The forms of social economy. Commodity economy
- •4.2 The nature and function of the market
- •Invariant category that has general economic features inherent to any commodity production.
- •4.3 Origin, nature and function of money
- •4.4 The essence of entrepreneurship and its feature
- •5.1 Demand. Factors determining the demand. The law of supply
- •5.2 Supply. Factors determining the sentence. The law of Supply
- •5.3 Interaction of supply and demand market equilibrium
- •5.3 Elasticity and its types
- •Elastic demand
- •5.4 The theory of consumer behavior
- •6.1 The essence of competition. The theory of perfect and imperfect competition
- •1. On the market at the same time there are many firms, each of which occupies a small share of the market
- •2. Homogeneity of products
- •3. Freedom of entry and exit from the industry
- •4. There fairness information
- •6.2 Theory of monopoly
- •Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- •6.3 Antitrust and competition policy
- •7.1 The reproduction process of capital
- •7.2 Basic and working capital
- •Scheme 1. Factors of self-financing
- •Incease in profits
- •7.3 Investment as a source of financing of productive assets
- •Theme 8. Costs and revenues of the enterprise (company)
- •8.1 Nature and types of costs
- •8.2 Revenue and its types
- •8.3 Profit and its role in the development of the company
- •9.1 Peculiarities the demand for resources
- •9.2 Labor market and wage
- •9.3 Capital markets and interest rates
- •Fig. 16. Demand for capital Fig. 17. Supply of capital
- •9.4 The land market. Land rent
- •10.1 The national economy as a system
- •10.2 System of National Accounts
- •10.3 The macroeconomic indicators and methods of calculation
- •Methods of measuring gnp
- •The calculation of gnp expenditure
- •Calculating gnp by revenue
- •The calculation of gnp "value added"
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium
- •11.1 Macroeconomic equilibrium and its characteristics
- •11.2 Model employment resources
- •12.1 Cyclical nature of the market economy
- •12.2 The Economic cycle and its variants
- •12.3 The concept of economic growth the measurement
- •Types and factors of economic growth
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation are both manifestations of economic instability
- •13.1 Essence and basic forms of unemployment
- •13.2 The effect of unemployment rate on the value of gnp. Okun's Law
- •13.3 Inflation and its causes
- •14.1 Concept and types of monetary systems
- •14.2 The demand for money and money supply
- •14.3 The structure of the financial system
- •14.4 State budget and public debt
- •14.5 Principles and forms of taxation
- •14.6 International relations: the nature, form
- •4. Assignments for practical classes and self-study Theme 1. Subject and method of economics (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production (1 hour)
- •1. As played wealth?
- •2. The goods are different from the natural product?
- •3. Economic Geography
- •4. Find the right answer
- •5. Graphic problem.
- •6. The concept of "services" and "intangible benefits"
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 3. Property relations and their role in the economy (1 hour)
- •1. Questions about the nature of the property
- •7. What is true and false?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 4. Foundations of a market economy and business activities (1 hour)
- •1. Gogol about the farm landowners Plyushkin
- •6. Adventures scientist w. Cameron
- •7. Find the right answer
- •8. Function of money
- •9. The design task
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 5. Fundamentals of the theory of supply and demand (2 hours)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 6. Competition and Monopoly (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 7. Circuit and the circulation of capital (funds) of enterprise (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 8. Expenses and income of the company (the company) (1 hour)
- •8. All the profit goes to a businessman?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 9. Factor markets and formation of factor income (1 hour)
- •Theme 10. The national economy as a system (1 hour)
- •2. The table presents the nominal and real gdp over the period 1999 to 2003
- •3. By the terms of the left hand column find the definition in the right column.
- •4. True-false:
- •5. Does Kazakhstan's gdp this article? If not, why not? If so, then the calculation of expenditure and revenue and in what specific section?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •1. Right - wrong:
- •2. Activation of the human factor
- •4. Types of intensification of production.
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation as a manifestation of economic instability (1 hour)
- •2. Economic challenge.
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 14. The main directions of economic policy (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •5. Questions for the interim control for the subject "Economic Theory"
- •5. 1 Questions for the 1-st interim control
- •5.2 Questions for the 2nd interim control
- •6. Tests to consolidate students' knowledge
- •References
4.4 The essence of entrepreneurship and its feature
Entrepreneur - a person (or group) who assumes the risk and responsibility for the organization and management of the firm.
Entrepreneurship is an activity that is related to an equity investment in order to profit from a combination of self-interest with the common good.
Entrepreneurship as a method of management - the activity of citizens initiative, aimed at making a profit or personal income, carried out on their behalf and on their own financial responsibility, or on behalf of and under the legal responsibility of the legal entity.
Entrepreneurship as a specific type of economic thinking - a collection of original views and approaches to decision-making, which are implemented in practice. They are characterized by qualities such as high organizational skills, initiative, creativity, initiative, penchant for innovation and skills.
Business entities can be as individual private citizens and their associations. Individuals as business entities serve in that capacity, as a rule, by organizing individual or family business. Associates can act in different legal forms.
The main features of the business are:
• autonomy and independence;
• economic interest in obtaining the greatest possible profits;
• Economic risk and responsibility.
For the formation of business requires certain economic, legal, social and other conditions.
Economic conditions. First, the supply of goods and the demand for them, the types of products that can acquire customers, amounts of money, etc.
Legal conditions. Any business of operating within the relevant laws that govern it, create the most favorable conditions for the development of (tax and customs legislation, the opening and registration of companies, etc.).
Social conditions. At different stages of buyers desire to purchase a particular product depends on the level of their culture, taste, fashion, and other factors that may result in changes of the demand for a particular product.
All variety of business activities can be classified according to various criteria: type of activity, type of ownership, number of owners, organizational and legal forms.
By activity - production, commercial, financial, advisory.
By ownership - private and public.
According to the number of owners - individual and collective.
The basic legal forms of business are: partnership, society, cooperatives.
A partnership is an association of individuals, created to conduct business. The following types of partnerships: general partnership, limited partnership and limited partnership.
Cooperative - created by a group for the joint venture activity. Mandatory co-op is a personal labor or any other part of its members, as well as the union of its member’s property shares.
Company created by agreement of natural or legal persons by combining their contributions through the issue or sale of shares for the purpose of economic activity.
However, there are a number of factors affecting the development of small business.
One of the biggest obstacles to the development of small business is the lack of sufficient financial resources for investment and working capital needs of small businesses. Banks due to lack of financial sustainability of small businesses and low liquidity of the collateral must bear the cost of risk for credit by increasing the interest rate on loans. At the same time, low technological level of small business is not conducive to the economic efficiency of the small business sector due to the low productivity of their labor and curbs lending to small businesses secured by assets.
Other factors that impact on the development of small business is the lack of a system to improve the current legislation regulating the activities of small businesses, which leads to increased administrative barriers.
In order to further the development of small business in Kazakhstan Head of State identified key areas to support small businesses in the nearby future.
State program of development and support of small business in the Republic of Kazakhstan provides for the creation of conditions for the further development of small business, based mainly on the production of consumer goods, building materials and products, the creation and development of high-tech and innovative industries, improving the quality of products. The main directions of the Program are: 1. Improving the tax system for small businesses. 2. The development of the system of financial, credit and investment support for small businesses. 3. Infrastructure development of small business. 4. Human, informational, scientific and methodological support and promote small business. 5. Inventory and systematization of the legal framework governing business.
Theme 5. Fundamentals of the theory of supply and demand