- •Content
- •Introduction
- •Sillabus
- •1. Data for teachers
- •2. Data on discipline
- •5. Brief description of the discipline
- •6. Content of the discipline 6.1. List of lectures
- •7. Schedule of the tasks and surrender of discipline «Economic theory" for students independent work
- •8. References The laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Letters (Message) of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Regulations rk
- •Basic literature:
- •Additional literature:
- •9. Course policy
- •10. Information on the assessment of knowledge
- •Scheme of assessment of knowledge on the discipline
- •Tentative map Assessment of the students exam
- •2. Glossary
- •3. A short course of lectures
- •1.1 Economic needs, economic benefits and economic resources.
- •1.2 The subject of economic theory
- •1.3 Methods and functions of economic theory
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production
- •2.1 The bases of social production
- •2.2 Structure of social production
- •2.3 Economic Systems. Types of economic systems
- •1. The traditional economic system
- •2. Command and administration economy system
- •3. Market economic system
- •4. Mixed system
- •3.1 Economic and legal content property
- •The system of property relations
- •Fig. 1. The structure of ownership
- •4.1 The forms of social economy. Commodity economy
- •4.2 The nature and function of the market
- •Invariant category that has general economic features inherent to any commodity production.
- •4.3 Origin, nature and function of money
- •4.4 The essence of entrepreneurship and its feature
- •5.1 Demand. Factors determining the demand. The law of supply
- •5.2 Supply. Factors determining the sentence. The law of Supply
- •5.3 Interaction of supply and demand market equilibrium
- •5.3 Elasticity and its types
- •Elastic demand
- •5.4 The theory of consumer behavior
- •6.1 The essence of competition. The theory of perfect and imperfect competition
- •1. On the market at the same time there are many firms, each of which occupies a small share of the market
- •2. Homogeneity of products
- •3. Freedom of entry and exit from the industry
- •4. There fairness information
- •6.2 Theory of monopoly
- •Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- •6.3 Antitrust and competition policy
- •7.1 The reproduction process of capital
- •7.2 Basic and working capital
- •Scheme 1. Factors of self-financing
- •Incease in profits
- •7.3 Investment as a source of financing of productive assets
- •Theme 8. Costs and revenues of the enterprise (company)
- •8.1 Nature and types of costs
- •8.2 Revenue and its types
- •8.3 Profit and its role in the development of the company
- •9.1 Peculiarities the demand for resources
- •9.2 Labor market and wage
- •9.3 Capital markets and interest rates
- •Fig. 16. Demand for capital Fig. 17. Supply of capital
- •9.4 The land market. Land rent
- •10.1 The national economy as a system
- •10.2 System of National Accounts
- •10.3 The macroeconomic indicators and methods of calculation
- •Methods of measuring gnp
- •The calculation of gnp expenditure
- •Calculating gnp by revenue
- •The calculation of gnp "value added"
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium
- •11.1 Macroeconomic equilibrium and its characteristics
- •11.2 Model employment resources
- •12.1 Cyclical nature of the market economy
- •12.2 The Economic cycle and its variants
- •12.3 The concept of economic growth the measurement
- •Types and factors of economic growth
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation are both manifestations of economic instability
- •13.1 Essence and basic forms of unemployment
- •13.2 The effect of unemployment rate on the value of gnp. Okun's Law
- •13.3 Inflation and its causes
- •14.1 Concept and types of monetary systems
- •14.2 The demand for money and money supply
- •14.3 The structure of the financial system
- •14.4 State budget and public debt
- •14.5 Principles and forms of taxation
- •14.6 International relations: the nature, form
- •4. Assignments for practical classes and self-study Theme 1. Subject and method of economics (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production (1 hour)
- •1. As played wealth?
- •2. The goods are different from the natural product?
- •3. Economic Geography
- •4. Find the right answer
- •5. Graphic problem.
- •6. The concept of "services" and "intangible benefits"
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 3. Property relations and their role in the economy (1 hour)
- •1. Questions about the nature of the property
- •7. What is true and false?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 4. Foundations of a market economy and business activities (1 hour)
- •1. Gogol about the farm landowners Plyushkin
- •6. Adventures scientist w. Cameron
- •7. Find the right answer
- •8. Function of money
- •9. The design task
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 5. Fundamentals of the theory of supply and demand (2 hours)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 6. Competition and Monopoly (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 7. Circuit and the circulation of capital (funds) of enterprise (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 8. Expenses and income of the company (the company) (1 hour)
- •8. All the profit goes to a businessman?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 9. Factor markets and formation of factor income (1 hour)
- •Theme 10. The national economy as a system (1 hour)
- •2. The table presents the nominal and real gdp over the period 1999 to 2003
- •3. By the terms of the left hand column find the definition in the right column.
- •4. True-false:
- •5. Does Kazakhstan's gdp this article? If not, why not? If so, then the calculation of expenditure and revenue and in what specific section?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •1. Right - wrong:
- •2. Activation of the human factor
- •4. Types of intensification of production.
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation as a manifestation of economic instability (1 hour)
- •2. Economic challenge.
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 14. The main directions of economic policy (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •5. Questions for the interim control for the subject "Economic Theory"
- •5. 1 Questions for the 1-st interim control
- •5.2 Questions for the 2nd interim control
- •6. Tests to consolidate students' knowledge
- •References
4.3 Origin, nature and function of money
There are different concepts of money: the rationalist and evolutionary. Rationalist conception explains the origin of money as a result of an agreement between the people, making sure that the values for the movement in the exchange of goods requires special tools. This idea of money as a contract completely dominated until the late 18th century. Subjective - a psychological approach to the origin of the money is present in the views of many modern economists. So, Paul Samuelson defines money as an artificial social convention. American economist JK Galbraith believes that fixing the monetary function of precious metals and other items - a product agreement between people. [5, p.35]
According to the evolutionary origin of the concept of money history of money is the result of the social division of labor, exchange and commodity production. Examining the historical development of forms of exchange and value, can be understood as the total weight of the goods to single out one product that plays the role of money and special function is to serve as a universal equivalent.
The essence of money is revealed in their functions: 1) money as a measure of value; 2) money as a medium of exchange; 3) money as a means of payment; 4) money as a treasure; 5) world money.
Money as a measure of value - is the ability to measure the money value of all goods. To perform this function as special commodity money must have value. Therefore, the function of the measure of value can only perform full money - gold. That's what money and goods are the product of human labor, making them comparable. Cost of goods, expressed in monetary terms, is called its price. Money, being a product of social labor, has a cost, but the price they have not, because otherwise they must be assigned to themselves. As the price - it is a form of expression of value; always in the price itself is the possibility of rejection of the cost. To express the value of the goods do not need to have cash. Expression of the value of money is an ideal character, i.e. function measures the cost can run visualize ideal money. Expression of the value of goods with money means not only quality, but also the quantification, namely, this quantity is equal to a certain amount of gold. On comparing the quantitative values of commodities gold is associated technical function of money - of price. The scale of prices - fixed by the weight of the gold, which was adopted as a unit of currency.
Money as a medium of exchange. The process of commodity circulation creates the need for money as a medium of exchange. Money mediates the exchange of commodities (C - M - C). Internally, a single act of commodity exchange (T - T) is divided into two seemingly separate acts: the producer (C - M) and purchase (M -). These acts are separated by time and space, hence the possibility of an independent movement of money and goods. There is the possibility of rupture of purchase and sale. The owner of the goods to be sold does not have to immediately buy another product. Receiving money for their goods, it can hold them at home, to buy goods in another place. Function of a medium of exchange, in contrast to the measure of value function can execute and defective money, but symbols - signs full of money. This is due to the nature of money as a medium of exchange. Money functions as a medium of transiently, are in constant motion. Metal money cleared, lose weight. Money becomes defective. These include silver and copper coins.
Money as a means of payment. With the development of commodity production and circulation having a relationship in which there is a sale of goods on credit. The sale of goods on credit money functions in the field of commodity circulation: ideally, as a measure of value in determining the price of goods, as the ideal means of purchase buyer, which makes a transition from the hands of the seller of goods in the hands of the buyer. From the function of money as means of payment arise credit money - bills, notes, checks.
Money as a means of hoarding and savings. The splitting of the circuit C - M - C 2 independent of the act (C - M and M - C) creates the possibility and the need to accumulate money. During the treatment of goods from producers arises desire to keep at result of the sale of goods. If the sale of goods should not purchase, the seller is in the hands of the cost of goods sold in the form of money. The money is in the form treasures, and the seller of goods becomes a collector of treasures.
Promissory note - a written promissory strictly prescribed form, giving its owner (note holder) indisputable right at maturity to demand from the debtor designated amount of money. Bill goes to commodity turnover and plays the role of money.
Notes (bank notes) are the result of the replacement of private Bills Bills banks. The banknote is none other than the bill of a banker, in which the presenter at any time to get money and which replaces the private banker bills.
Check - a document that contains an unconditional order of the owner of the current account to pay the sum specified therein specified person or bearer. World money. Money functions, not only within the country but also in the turnover between the countries. Here they perform the function of world money. Features the world's money:
1) to function as a universal measure of value; 2) act as a universal means of payment; 3) act as general purchasing agent; 4) are the universal embodiment of social wealth.
Study of the origin, nature, the internal mechanism, evolution, and function of money - the most important condition for the functioning of modern understanding of money and use them effectively in a market economy.