- •Content
- •Introduction
- •Sillabus
- •1. Data for teachers
- •2. Data on discipline
- •5. Brief description of the discipline
- •6. Content of the discipline 6.1. List of lectures
- •7. Schedule of the tasks and surrender of discipline «Economic theory" for students independent work
- •8. References The laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Letters (Message) of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Regulations rk
- •Basic literature:
- •Additional literature:
- •9. Course policy
- •10. Information on the assessment of knowledge
- •Scheme of assessment of knowledge on the discipline
- •Tentative map Assessment of the students exam
- •2. Glossary
- •3. A short course of lectures
- •1.1 Economic needs, economic benefits and economic resources.
- •1.2 The subject of economic theory
- •1.3 Methods and functions of economic theory
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production
- •2.1 The bases of social production
- •2.2 Structure of social production
- •2.3 Economic Systems. Types of economic systems
- •1. The traditional economic system
- •2. Command and administration economy system
- •3. Market economic system
- •4. Mixed system
- •3.1 Economic and legal content property
- •The system of property relations
- •Fig. 1. The structure of ownership
- •4.1 The forms of social economy. Commodity economy
- •4.2 The nature and function of the market
- •Invariant category that has general economic features inherent to any commodity production.
- •4.3 Origin, nature and function of money
- •4.4 The essence of entrepreneurship and its feature
- •5.1 Demand. Factors determining the demand. The law of supply
- •5.2 Supply. Factors determining the sentence. The law of Supply
- •5.3 Interaction of supply and demand market equilibrium
- •5.3 Elasticity and its types
- •Elastic demand
- •5.4 The theory of consumer behavior
- •6.1 The essence of competition. The theory of perfect and imperfect competition
- •1. On the market at the same time there are many firms, each of which occupies a small share of the market
- •2. Homogeneity of products
- •3. Freedom of entry and exit from the industry
- •4. There fairness information
- •6.2 Theory of monopoly
- •Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- •6.3 Antitrust and competition policy
- •7.1 The reproduction process of capital
- •7.2 Basic and working capital
- •Scheme 1. Factors of self-financing
- •Incease in profits
- •7.3 Investment as a source of financing of productive assets
- •Theme 8. Costs and revenues of the enterprise (company)
- •8.1 Nature and types of costs
- •8.2 Revenue and its types
- •8.3 Profit and its role in the development of the company
- •9.1 Peculiarities the demand for resources
- •9.2 Labor market and wage
- •9.3 Capital markets and interest rates
- •Fig. 16. Demand for capital Fig. 17. Supply of capital
- •9.4 The land market. Land rent
- •10.1 The national economy as a system
- •10.2 System of National Accounts
- •10.3 The macroeconomic indicators and methods of calculation
- •Methods of measuring gnp
- •The calculation of gnp expenditure
- •Calculating gnp by revenue
- •The calculation of gnp "value added"
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium
- •11.1 Macroeconomic equilibrium and its characteristics
- •11.2 Model employment resources
- •12.1 Cyclical nature of the market economy
- •12.2 The Economic cycle and its variants
- •12.3 The concept of economic growth the measurement
- •Types and factors of economic growth
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation are both manifestations of economic instability
- •13.1 Essence and basic forms of unemployment
- •13.2 The effect of unemployment rate on the value of gnp. Okun's Law
- •13.3 Inflation and its causes
- •14.1 Concept and types of monetary systems
- •14.2 The demand for money and money supply
- •14.3 The structure of the financial system
- •14.4 State budget and public debt
- •14.5 Principles and forms of taxation
- •14.6 International relations: the nature, form
- •4. Assignments for practical classes and self-study Theme 1. Subject and method of economics (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production (1 hour)
- •1. As played wealth?
- •2. The goods are different from the natural product?
- •3. Economic Geography
- •4. Find the right answer
- •5. Graphic problem.
- •6. The concept of "services" and "intangible benefits"
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 3. Property relations and their role in the economy (1 hour)
- •1. Questions about the nature of the property
- •7. What is true and false?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 4. Foundations of a market economy and business activities (1 hour)
- •1. Gogol about the farm landowners Plyushkin
- •6. Adventures scientist w. Cameron
- •7. Find the right answer
- •8. Function of money
- •9. The design task
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 5. Fundamentals of the theory of supply and demand (2 hours)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 6. Competition and Monopoly (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 7. Circuit and the circulation of capital (funds) of enterprise (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 8. Expenses and income of the company (the company) (1 hour)
- •8. All the profit goes to a businessman?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 9. Factor markets and formation of factor income (1 hour)
- •Theme 10. The national economy as a system (1 hour)
- •2. The table presents the nominal and real gdp over the period 1999 to 2003
- •3. By the terms of the left hand column find the definition in the right column.
- •4. True-false:
- •5. Does Kazakhstan's gdp this article? If not, why not? If so, then the calculation of expenditure and revenue and in what specific section?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •1. Right - wrong:
- •2. Activation of the human factor
- •4. Types of intensification of production.
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation as a manifestation of economic instability (1 hour)
- •2. Economic challenge.
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 14. The main directions of economic policy (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •5. Questions for the interim control for the subject "Economic Theory"
- •5. 1 Questions for the 1-st interim control
- •5.2 Questions for the 2nd interim control
- •6. Tests to consolidate students' knowledge
- •References
4.1 The forms of social economy. Commodity economy
Social production in its development has grown from lower to higher forms, from less developed to more develop. Past millennia of human society know two forms - natural and commodity.
Subsistence production - is a type of economy in which the production is directly aimed at meeting their needs of producers and their families. In subsistence production occur following characteristic features of the economy: - The product of labor does not accept the commodity form; - The products of labor are vital resources of the fund pro ¬ driver and his family; - In the life fund includes commodities for the current needs and food supplies, as well as a means for making consumer goods. Subsistence farming was based on manual labor, and universal in its purest form, there primitive people who did not know of the social division of labor and do not share with each other their products.
The economic basis of subsistence - agriculture (mainly agriculture) and domestic industry.
Domestic industry - a production in the peasant economy finished products intended for personal consumption of raw materials produced in the same household
Craft - small-scale production, based on the manufacturers own labor and hand tools. Products manufactured according to customer requirements. Manufacturing - historically the first form of human economic activity. It created a direct link between production and consumption, passing into circulation (market).
With the development of human society deepened the social division of labor.
In the history of the social division of labor are three stages:
- Department of Livestock farming - it created the conditions for the exchange of the tribes;
- Craft separated from agriculture, which meant the emergence of commodity production;
- Separation of trade from the production and release of the merchants, which led to the fact that market linkages have become regular.
Commodity production - a form of social economy, in which the products are not made for their own consumption and for sharing ny order of sale.
Necessary condition of the commodity production - the social division of labor.
The main features of commodity production:
- The social division of labor. The production consists of heterogeneous GOVERNMENTAL business units, each of which is specialized in the manufacture of certain products.
- Private ownership of the means of production.
- The exchange of goods as a form of economic relations between producers. In the social division of labor, each pro ducer specializes in certain products one who creates for other members of society. However, he does need to work products of other manufacturers. Therefore, the only form of economic GOVERNMENTAL communication between manufacturers is the exchange of goods.
- The spontaneous nature of commodity production. Private property crushes the economy into many separate, stand-alone businesses and inevitably production and exchange.
There are two types of commodity production:
- Simple - the products are manufactured for the exchange independent small producers - farmers and artisans;
- Capitalist - is based on the use of hired workers.
Product - a product of labor, the ability to meet some human need and is designed for the exchange.
From this definition it follows that:
- is the only product that satisfies some human need;
- product is the fact that hardly tried out (for example, berries in the forest for the collector is not a commodity, but they may become after labor expended for collection);
- product is what is for sale.
Any product has two properties: the ability to meet some human need or use value (utility), and the ability to exchange for other goods, or exchange value. Each product has a use value. It meets the needs of not only the manufacturer, but also other people, that are a social use-value. The use-value of goods has certain properties:
- it does not depend on the amount of labor expended in the production of the thing;
- use value as it exists in every human society, in any historical period.
Exchange value - the ability of goods in a certain proportion to exchange for other goods.
The common property of all goods - that expended in their production of human labor, or social activities. That is, as the products of social labor are homogeneous products. Social labor embodied in a commodity is the price of the goods.