- •Content
- •Introduction
- •Sillabus
- •1. Data for teachers
- •2. Data on discipline
- •5. Brief description of the discipline
- •6. Content of the discipline 6.1. List of lectures
- •7. Schedule of the tasks and surrender of discipline «Economic theory" for students independent work
- •8. References The laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Letters (Message) of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Regulations rk
- •Basic literature:
- •Additional literature:
- •9. Course policy
- •10. Information on the assessment of knowledge
- •Scheme of assessment of knowledge on the discipline
- •Tentative map Assessment of the students exam
- •2. Glossary
- •3. A short course of lectures
- •1.1 Economic needs, economic benefits and economic resources.
- •1.2 The subject of economic theory
- •1.3 Methods and functions of economic theory
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production
- •2.1 The bases of social production
- •2.2 Structure of social production
- •2.3 Economic Systems. Types of economic systems
- •1. The traditional economic system
- •2. Command and administration economy system
- •3. Market economic system
- •4. Mixed system
- •3.1 Economic and legal content property
- •The system of property relations
- •Fig. 1. The structure of ownership
- •4.1 The forms of social economy. Commodity economy
- •4.2 The nature and function of the market
- •Invariant category that has general economic features inherent to any commodity production.
- •4.3 Origin, nature and function of money
- •4.4 The essence of entrepreneurship and its feature
- •5.1 Demand. Factors determining the demand. The law of supply
- •5.2 Supply. Factors determining the sentence. The law of Supply
- •5.3 Interaction of supply and demand market equilibrium
- •5.3 Elasticity and its types
- •Elastic demand
- •5.4 The theory of consumer behavior
- •6.1 The essence of competition. The theory of perfect and imperfect competition
- •1. On the market at the same time there are many firms, each of which occupies a small share of the market
- •2. Homogeneity of products
- •3. Freedom of entry and exit from the industry
- •4. There fairness information
- •6.2 Theory of monopoly
- •Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- •6.3 Antitrust and competition policy
- •7.1 The reproduction process of capital
- •7.2 Basic and working capital
- •Scheme 1. Factors of self-financing
- •Incease in profits
- •7.3 Investment as a source of financing of productive assets
- •Theme 8. Costs and revenues of the enterprise (company)
- •8.1 Nature and types of costs
- •8.2 Revenue and its types
- •8.3 Profit and its role in the development of the company
- •9.1 Peculiarities the demand for resources
- •9.2 Labor market and wage
- •9.3 Capital markets and interest rates
- •Fig. 16. Demand for capital Fig. 17. Supply of capital
- •9.4 The land market. Land rent
- •10.1 The national economy as a system
- •10.2 System of National Accounts
- •10.3 The macroeconomic indicators and methods of calculation
- •Methods of measuring gnp
- •The calculation of gnp expenditure
- •Calculating gnp by revenue
- •The calculation of gnp "value added"
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium
- •11.1 Macroeconomic equilibrium and its characteristics
- •11.2 Model employment resources
- •12.1 Cyclical nature of the market economy
- •12.2 The Economic cycle and its variants
- •12.3 The concept of economic growth the measurement
- •Types and factors of economic growth
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation are both manifestations of economic instability
- •13.1 Essence and basic forms of unemployment
- •13.2 The effect of unemployment rate on the value of gnp. Okun's Law
- •13.3 Inflation and its causes
- •14.1 Concept and types of monetary systems
- •14.2 The demand for money and money supply
- •14.3 The structure of the financial system
- •14.4 State budget and public debt
- •14.5 Principles and forms of taxation
- •14.6 International relations: the nature, form
- •4. Assignments for practical classes and self-study Theme 1. Subject and method of economics (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 2. Fundamentals of social production (1 hour)
- •1. As played wealth?
- •2. The goods are different from the natural product?
- •3. Economic Geography
- •4. Find the right answer
- •5. Graphic problem.
- •6. The concept of "services" and "intangible benefits"
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 3. Property relations and their role in the economy (1 hour)
- •1. Questions about the nature of the property
- •7. What is true and false?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 4. Foundations of a market economy and business activities (1 hour)
- •1. Gogol about the farm landowners Plyushkin
- •6. Adventures scientist w. Cameron
- •7. Find the right answer
- •8. Function of money
- •9. The design task
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 5. Fundamentals of the theory of supply and demand (2 hours)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 6. Competition and Monopoly (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 7. Circuit and the circulation of capital (funds) of enterprise (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 8. Expenses and income of the company (the company) (1 hour)
- •8. All the profit goes to a businessman?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 9. Factor markets and formation of factor income (1 hour)
- •Theme 10. The national economy as a system (1 hour)
- •2. The table presents the nominal and real gdp over the period 1999 to 2003
- •3. By the terms of the left hand column find the definition in the right column.
- •4. True-false:
- •5. Does Kazakhstan's gdp this article? If not, why not? If so, then the calculation of expenditure and revenue and in what specific section?
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 11. Macroeconomic equilibrium (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •1. Right - wrong:
- •2. Activation of the human factor
- •4. Types of intensification of production.
- •Theme 13. Unemployment and inflation as a manifestation of economic instability (1 hour)
- •2. Economic challenge.
- •Independent work of the student
- •Theme 14. The main directions of economic policy (1 hour)
- •Independent work of the student
- •5. Questions for the interim control for the subject "Economic Theory"
- •5. 1 Questions for the 1-st interim control
- •5.2 Questions for the 2nd interim control
- •6. Tests to consolidate students' knowledge
- •References
1.3 Methods and functions of economic theory
The concept of a "method" in Greek means a certain way to achieve something. In any science using certain methods. These methods are divided into:
a) general (philosophy);
b) general science (historical, logical, mathematical);
c) specific (for each branch of science).
The method of formal logic can correctly apply universally valid form of thought (concepts, judgments, conclusions) and the means of thinking (definitions, laws of mental activity). This helps to achieve the true statements and conclusions made. Method is based on the formal logic of knowledge economy of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, as well as movement from the concrete to the abstract.
Economic theory better reflect reality, if it uses the dialectic - the doctrine of the general laws of nature, society and thought. These laws include the development of forms of the material world by moving from quantitative to qualitative changes, reflection, self-development of the system by "denial-denial."
An important role in the study of the economy plays scientific methods. Among them - the historical method. It allows us to consider the economic system in the intrinsic sequence of historical development. This mode helps to specifically provide all the features of each system at different stages of its historical development.
Economic and mathematical modeling, as one of the system methods, allows determining the cause of the formalized form of changing economic phenomena, the patterns of these changes and their consequences, and makes it possible to forecast economic developments.
Every science justifies his appointment that through scientific abstractions it in some way reveals the essence of his subject and reveals the objective forms of development. These forms include: the product of labor, its means and tools, requirements, exchange, goods, money, etc. Included in the subject of scientific economic analysis, all of these forms are economic categories, i.e. form a kind of concepts that constitute the whole subject of economic theory.
Like science, economics examines economic categories to reveal the nature and laws of production limited benefits. Economic law - is stable, recurring relationship between economic phenomena.
By its nature, the economic laws are divided into two types: objective (independent of the will and desires of the people) and subjective.
Objective laws are divided into general, specific, absolute, laws, trends.
Laws inherent in the organizational and economic relations are common to different eras that are manifested in any social system. They express the direction of progressive development of social production, the objective foundations of the growth of its efficiency, the development of organizational and economic relations, the dialectical interaction of the productive forces and production relations.
Specific laws are unique to a particular mode of production. They express are historically specific relations of production that arise on the basis of various forms of ownership of the means of production, and act only when the relevant social system (capitalism and socialism). As a result, they tend to act as a more or less stable trend, expressing the general direction of movement of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods. Along with the laws, there are some trends in absolute laws, always overcoming countervailing factors.
Function of economic theory. Economics studies economic relations and the inherent laws. From the essence of this theory implies its function.
The main functions of economic theory are cognitive, predictive and practical.
Cognitive function is to form a comprehensive study of economic phenomena and their internal nature, which allows to discover the laws by which develops the national economy.
In Western literature in this case we speak of positive economic theory by analyzing the facts and data displays scientific generalizations about economic behavior.
Predictive function of economic theory is to develop a scientific basis for predicting the prospects of scientific, technical and socio-economic development in the long term. It becomes relevant in connection with the development of plans and forecasts for the national economy.
The practical function of economic theory is the scientific foundation of economic policy, to identify principles and practices of good housekeeping.