Inner speech:

She stood up in a sudden impulse of terror. (author’s speech)

Escape! She must escape! Frank would save her. He would give her life, perhaps love, too. But she wanted to live. Why should she be unhappy? She had a right to happiness. Frank would take her in his arms, fold her in his arms. He would save her (inner speech) (J. Joyce).

A variety of inner speech is inner reaction – exclamatory words and phrases serving to express the quick, usually emotional, unuttered reaction of the personage to the crucial event or situation.

12. Stylistic Use of Graphic Means

The existing graphic means of punctuation are not sufficient for adequate conveying the richness and diversity of intonations of the live speech. Hence the emotive prose and poetry have made wide use of different graphic means which, to a certain extent, make up for the insufficiency of traditional means of orthography and punctuation. Such graphic means are spacing, printing words or sentences by a type different from the type of the whole text, printing words in capital letters, omission points (dots), the change of the orthography of separate words.

The stylistic device springs up when the graphic presentation of a unit of the utterance or the text differs in some way from the graphic presentation of the whole text.

Italics, capital letters, spacing are used for logical or emotional intensification of a thought. Dots may be used to convey indecision, doubt, emotional state, unwillingness to continue the talk. The joint use of capital letters and italics may be used to create the ironic or satirical effect. The absence of segmentation of the text is used in the technique of writing called «the stream of consciousness» – the reproduction of the haphazard, disorderly, broken process of human thinking. The segmentation of the text into micropassages, one sentence long, raises the logical and expressive significance of the text or it may slow down the action for the sake of the detailed description of a picture or in the discourse concerning relations of characters. Still for all the data mentioned above, the subject of graphic means of stylistics requires further research.

13. The Expressive Means of Syntax: The Off-place Location of the Sentence Units; The Emphatic Constructions

The notion of the off-place or distant location of lexical units as a syntactic phenomenon is based on the potential capacity of the components of the sentence to shift in relation to each other within the sentence without changing their functions.

Here two variants are possible:

1. Break of the syntactic structure with the direct word order:

There was a world of anticipation in her voice and of confidence too, as she walked past me onto the terrace.

2. Break of the syntactic structure with the reverse word order:

Of his own class he saw no one.

In the colloquial speech the shift of one of the elements of a word combination serves to single out its significance, to intensify the meaning of the given element:

Of all your dirty tricks this is the dirtiest.

One of the frequent causes of the distant location of the sentence elements is the use of parenthetic words and phrases which impart the utterance additional colouring:

There had been no mention whatsoever of the state of affairs in that country.

He was a big, bony man of perhaps sixty.

The Emphatic Construction It is / was he that / who…

This construction is known to be the means of intensification of the meaning of one of its member. Stylistic potentialities of the given construction is rather great since with its help any member of the sentence (except predicate) can be logically and stylistically marked out:

It was not his face, nor his serious dark eyes that caught my immediate attention.

The Emphatic Construction with the Verb to do

The meaning of the intensity of action is often conveyed by the stylistically marked forms with the intensifying verb to do. These constructions are synonymic correlates of neutral forms of the imperative and indicative moods:

He likes – He does like,

Take it – Do take it.

What does worry me is his intention to swim across the British Cannel.

There are interesting cases of enhancing the lexical meanings with the help of the intensifying verb to go:

Why did you go and give us another name, first?

Don’t you dare go blaming me for your own blunder.