Глава 13. Селекция мягколиственных древесных пород 310

13.1. Селекция тополя 311

1. Направление селекции и сортовой идеал тополя 311

2. Исходный материал для селекции тополя 312

3. Методы селекции тополя 317

4. Основные результаты селекции тополя 320

5. Размножение сортовых тополей 330

13.2. Селекция осины 334

1. Направление селекции и сортовой идеал осины 335

2. Исходный материал для селекции осины 336

3. Методы селекции осины 339

4. Результаты селекции осины 342

5. Размножение отселектированных форм осины 346

13.3. Селекция ивы 351

1. Направление селекции и исходный материал ивы 352

2. Методы и результаты селекции ивы 354

3. Воспроизводство сортового посадочного материала 358

13.4. Селекция березы 361

1. Направление селекции и сортовой идеал березы 361

2. Исходный видовой материал для селекции берез 362

3. Березы секции Costatae Regel 363

4. Березы секции Albae Regel 364

13.5. Селекция карельской березы 371

13.5.1. Направление селекции и сортовой идеал

карельской березы 371

2. Исходный материал карельской березы 373

3. Методы и некоторые результаты

селекции карельской березы 381

13.5.4. Репродукция селекционного материала,

создание культур и плантаций 383

13.6. Селекция ольхи 387

1. Направление селекции и исходный материал 388

2. Результаты селекционных исследований 390

1. Семеноводство ольхи 391

2. Вопросы для самопроверки 392

Глава 14. Селекция орехоплодных и дикорастущих

плодово-ягодных лесных древесных пород 394

14.1. Селекция ореха 394

495

1. Направление селекции и сортовой идеал 394

2. Исходный материал 395

3. Методы селекции 399

4. Результаты селекции 401

5. Воспроизводство сортового материала 406

14.2. Селекция лещины 409

1. Направление селекции и сортовой идеал 410

2. Исходный материал для селекции 410

3. Методы селекции 413

4. Результаты селекции 415

5. Воспроизводство сортового материала 417

14.3. Селекция облепихи 422

1. Направление селекции и сортовой идеал 422

2. Исходный материал 423

3. Методы селекции 424

4. Результаты селекции 425

5. Воспроизводство сортового материала 429

14.4. Селекция жимолости 433

1. Исходный материал жимолости со съедобными плодами, сортовой идеал и некоторые результаты селекции 434

2. Размножение и агротехника выращивания жимолости 438

14.4.3. Создание промышленных плантаций жимолости 442 Вопросы для самопроверки 446

Глава 15. Селекция интродуцентов 447

1. Лжетсуга Мензиса 447

2. Сосна скрученная 449

3. Сосна веймутова 451

4. Ель ситхинская 452

5. Селекция дуба красного (северного) 453

6. Селекция акации белой 456

7. Вопросы для самопроверки 459

Заключение 460

Список литературы 463

Словарь терминов 482

Приложение 1. Английские названия некоторых

лесных международных организаций 490

Breeding and Reproduction of Forest Tree Species. The

textbook for high schools. Moscow: Logos, 2001 / A. P. Tsarev, S. P. Pogiba, V. V. Trenin

In the textbook the significant material is generalized. It is includes as paternity and abroad experiences as results of authors own researches in field of forest tree breeding. It is followed the same authors textbook on forest genetics that have been out at last 2000 year. The three parts may be distinguished in this textbook. In the first part are considered the general problems of forest tree breeding. It's connected with last achievements in field of forest genetics, breeding, seed science, creation and testing varieties. Second part is concerned seed (including forest seed orchards), vegetative and microclonal propagation. In third part are concerned the problems of breeding and reproduction of single species: coniferous, broad-leaved, soft-leafed, nut-trees, forest fruit-trees and some introduced trees.

In the whole the contents of the textbook is approached to the authorized high school program on breeding of forest tree species. However some units are given in a more fundamental kind (breeding methods, variety testing, seed orchards, breeding of single trees etc.).

For the students, post-graduate students, teachers, researchers and engineer staff of forestry enterprises.

497

3

HE CONTENTS

The introduction

The chapter 1. Breeding as a science. General principles

of forest tree breeding 7

1. The forest tree breeding and its importance 7

2. History of forest tree breeding in Russia 10

3. Program approaches in forest tree breeding 17

4. Biological variability and basic material

for forest tree breeding 20

1.4.1. Variability of alive organisms 20

1.4.2. Initial material of forest tree breeding 24

The test questions 32

The chapter 2. Methods of forest tree breeding. Selection 33

1. Kinds of selection 33

2. Mass selection 35

2.2.1. The theory of mass selection and possibilities

of its usage in forestry 35

2. Selection of geographic origins (climatypes) 37

3. Selection of best edaphotypes 51

4. Selection of best (plus) stands 53

5. Selection of best (plus) trees 54

6. Selection of best samples in nurseries

and among seeds 55

2.3. Individual selection 56

1. A pedigree method 57

2. A clone selection 58

3. Individual selection of cross-pollinated plants 58 The test questions 64

The chapter 3. Methods of forest tree breeding. A hybridisation 65

3.1. Some general principles of a hybridisation 65

1. Combinative crosses 68

2. Transgressive crosses 69

3.1.3. Heterosis crosses 70

2. Methods of a hybridisation 72

3. The technique of a hybridisation 75

4. The test questions 84

The chapter 4. Introduction as a method of breeding 85

1. The theoretical principles of forest trees introduction 85

2. The peculiarities of forest trees introduction 88

3. Some features of reproduction and usage

of introduced forest trees 93

The test questions 94

The chapter 5. Some non-traditional methods of forest

tree breeding 95

5.1. Some approaches on usage of a mutagenesis,

polyploidy and culture of tissues in forest tree breeding 95

5.2.Experimental mutagenesis in forest tree breeding 101

1. Possibilities and directions of experimental mutagenesis 101

1. Physical methods of mutants obtaining 102

2. Chemical methods of mutants obtaining 104

5.3. Experimental polyploidy in forest tree breeding 106

5.4. Tissues and cells culture in forest tree breeding 109 The test questions 112

The chapter 6. A genetic estimation of breeding material

and varieties testing 113

6.1. General principles 113

1. Some features of forest trees testing 113

1. Genetical assessment of forest trees by testing their combining ability 116

6.2. Concept about breeding and variety material (terms

and definitions) 120

1. The breeding improved reproductive material 120

2. The concept of forest tree species variety (cultivar) 122

6.3. Testing of forest tree varieties 126

1. Problems and kinds of forest tree variety-testing 126

2. The technique of forest tree variety testing 128

6.4. Regionally distributing of the forest tree varieties 138 The test questions 139

The chapter 7. Forest seeds science. Biology of fructification and

seeding of forest trees 141

1. Research field of forest tree seeding 141

2. Biology of fructification and seeding of forest trees 143

1. A reproduction cycle 143

2. The viability of seeds. Methods of seed

quality assessment 145

7.2.3. Rest of seeds. Storage and methods of before

sow preparing of seeds 149

The test questions 152

The chapter 8. A seed reproduction of forest tree improvement

material and seed orchards 153

1. The terms and definitions 153

2. The selection inventory of forest stands and trees 157 8.2.1. The plus trees selection 158

^J 8.2.2. The usage of plus trees cuttings and seeds 162

8.2.3. The plus stands selections 163

8.3. Seed orchards of forest trees 164

1. The general characteristics of forest seeds orchards 164

2. The organisation of area 165

3. The seed orchards of first generations 171

4. The high genetically values seed orchards.

The seed orchard of second generations 179

5. The clones archives and maternal plantations 180

6. The reparation and reconstruction

of forest seed orchards 182

4. The forest test plantations 185

5. The plantations of higher breeding value 190

6. The constant and temporary seed stands 190

8.7. The control for forest breeding objects 194 The test questions 196

The chapter 9. A vegetative reproduction of forest tree species 198

1. Natural vegetative reproduction 199

2. Autovegetative reproduction of forest trees 200

3. Heterovegetative reproduction of forest trees 203 The test questions 208

The chapter 10. A clonal microreproduction of forest trees 209

1. General provisions 209

2. Organization of activities on a clonal microreproduction

of forest trees 210

3. Mediums 211

4. Culture conditions and stages of a microreproduction 214 The test questions 218

The chapter 11. Breeding of coniferous forest trees 219

11.1. Breeding of Pinus sylvestris L. 220

11.1.1. The breeding directions and variety ideal

of Pinus sylvestris 220

2. Initial material for Scots pine breeding 221

3. Breeding methods of Scots pine 226

4. Some results of Scots pine breeding 226

5. The reproduction of Scots pine breeding material 228

11.2. Breeding of Pinus sibirica Du Tour 230

1. The breeding directions 230

2. Initial material for breeding 231

3. Methods and results of breeding 232

4. The reproduction of value forms 234

11.3. Breeding of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Picea obovata Ldl. 236

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal of spruce 236

2. Initial material for spruce breeding 237

3. Breeding methods of spruce 240

4. Some results of spruce breeding 240

5. The reproduction of spruce breeding material 241

11.4. Breeding of Abies sibirica Ledeb. 242

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal of fir 242

2. Initial material for fir breeding 243

3. Breeding methods, some results of breeding

and reproduction of fir 245

11.5. Breeding of Larix Mill. 245

1. The breeding directions 246

2. Initial material for breeding 246

3. Methods and results of larch breeding 255

4. The reproduction of value forms 258 The test questions 260

The chapter 12. Breeding of broad-leaved hard wood species 261

12.1. Breeding of Quercus robur L. 262

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal of oak 262

2. Initial material for oak breeding 266

3. Breeding methods of oak 273

4. Some results of oak breeding 274

5. The reproduction of oak breeding material 276

12.2. Breeding of Fagus L. 278

1. Genofond and initial material for beech breeding 279

2. Methods and some results of beech breeding 284

3. The reproduction of beech best forms 285

12.3. Breeding of Ulmus L. 287

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal of elm 288

2. Initial material for elm breeding 288

3. Methods and results of elm breeding 293

4. The reproduction of elm breeding material 298

12.4. Breeding of Fraxinus L. 302

12.4.1. The breeding directions and initial material

for breeding 302

2. Methods and results of breeding 305

3. The reproduction of ash best forms 307 The test questions 308

The chapter 13. Breeding of mild-wood species 310

13.1. Breeding of Populus L. 311

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal of poplar 311

2. Initial material for poplar breeding 312

3. Breeding methods of poplar 317

4. Some results of poplar breeding 320

5. The reproduction of poplar varieties 330

13.2. Breeding of Populus tremula L. 334

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal of aspen 335

2. Initial material for aspen breeding 336

3. Breeding methods of aspen 339

4. Some results of aspen breeding 342

5. The reproduction of aspen breeding forms 346

13.3. Breeding of SalixL. 351

13.3.1. The breeding directions and initial material

for willow breeding 352

2. Methods and results of willow breeding 354

3. The reproduction of willow variety material 358

13.4. Breeding of Betula L. 361

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal of birch 361

2. Initial species material for birch breeding 362

3. The birches of Costatae Regel section 363

4. The birches ofAlbae Regel section 364

13.5. Breeding of curly birch 371

13.5.1. The breeding directions and variety ideal

of curly birch 371

2. Initial material of curly birch 373

3. Methods and some results of curly birch breeding 381

4. The reproduction of curly birch breeding

material and creation of plantations 383

13.6. Breeding of Alnus L. 387

1. The breeding directions and initial material 388

2. Results of alder breeding 390

3. The seed orchards of alder 391 The test questions 392

The chapter 14. Breeding of nut and fruit forest species 394

14.1. Breeding of Juglans L. 394

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal 394

2. Initial material for breeding 395

3. Breeding methods 399

4. Some results of breeding 401

5. The reproduction of variety material 406

14.2. Breeding of Corylus L. 409

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal 410

2. Initial material for breeding 410

3. Breeding methods 413

4. Some results of breeding 415

5. The reproduction of variety material 417

14.3. Breeding of Hippophae rhamnoides L. 422

1. The breeding directions and variety ideal 422

2. Initial material for breeding 423

3. Breeding methods 424

4. Some results of breeding 425

5. The reproduction of variety material 429

14.4. Breeding of Lonicera L. 433

14.4.1. The initial material of eatable shrubs, variety ideal

and some results of breeding 434

2. The reproduction of Lonicera 438

3. The creation of Lonicera industrial plantations 442 The test questions 446

The chapter 15. Breeding of exot forest species 447

1. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco 447

2. Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. 449

3. Pinus strobus L. 451

4. Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. 452

15.5. Breeding of Quercus rubra L. 453

15.6. Breeding of Robinia pseudoacacia L. 456 The test questions 459

Conclusion 460

The references 463

The dictionary of the terms 482

490

Addition 1. Some international forest organisations

502

Учебное издание

Царев Анатолий Петрович

Погиба Светлана Петровна

Тренин Виталий Васильевич

СЕЛЕКЦИЯ И РЕПРОДУКЦИЯ ЛЕСНЫХ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ПОРОД

Учебник

Редактор Н.Г. Давыдова

Переплет А. Ефремова

Компьютерная верстка А.В. Егоровой

Изд. лиц. ИД № 01670 от 24.04.2000

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продукции ОК-005-93, том 2: 953000

Подписано в печать 3.12.2001. Формат 60x90/16.

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