5. Знайдіть правильні і неправильні речення.
Weight is a very important factor in computers.
The increase of operation is a real advantage.
Another advantage is that more power is required to run the computer.
Reliability is not particularly important in computers.
6. Складіть словник-мінімум до тексту.
ВАРІАНТ V
1. Перекладіть текст на рідну мову.
New Generations of Computers
1. Computer technology is one of the youngest and most dynamic branches of modern science and technology. The first generation of computers appeared in the 1950s and was designed on the basis of electronic vacuum tubes. But by the early 1960s a new generation of computers was developed, discrete semiconductor devices being used in it. One of the best of these second generation computers is the Soviet BESM-6 (big electronic counting machine). Now there is a third generation of computers serving man, based on electronic circuits containing hundreds of transistors and other devices in one tiny package.
2. ES (Unified System) series computers developed jointly by the 'CMEA member-states, also of the third generation, are now being used not 'only in the socialist world, but in the developing countries where they help in many areas of the economy, and in a number of industrialized capitalist countries. The Soviet Union is now developing a national computer network based on the ES computers which will be used to tackle some of its most complex economic problems.
3. Now, work is going on around the world to develop fourth and fifth generation computers based on very high-capacity integrated circuits containing tens of thousands of active electronic devices in tiny elements. Research is also being done on computers based on superconducting devices.
4. A major advance in the development of computer technology was the creation of microprocessors and microcomputers. The tiny and versatile computing devices are able to control complex operations from the control and monitoring of machine tools to playing a game of chess. Soviet industry has already started mass production of these miniature computers, which will soon be of vital help to man everywhere.
5. The principal pan of the computer, its "brain", is what is called "software"1 and here Soviet scientists have made a major contribution. Computer programmes developed by Soviet scholars have proved to be reliable and efficient in space exploration.
6. Excellent American, British, French and Japanese computers are working alongside Soviet machines in computer centres. And it augurus well that computers made in various countries “speak common languages” and serve people successfully.
2. Знайдіть правильні і неправильні речення.
1. Computer technology is one of the oldest branches of modem science and technology.
2. Now work is going on around the world to develop second and third generation computers.
3. Research is also being done on computers based on superconducting devices.
4. Computer programmes developed by Soviet scholars have proved to be reliable.
3. Дайте відповіді на запитання до 1 абзацу.
1. When did the first generation of computers appear?
2. What devices were used in the second generation computers?
3. What is the third generation of computers based on?
4. Знайдіть англійські еквіваленти поданих слів у 3,4 абзацах.
Підберіть українські еквіваленти слів поданої діаграми.
computers
To be developed dedeveloped
To use
First generation computer
Electronic vacuum tubes
Second generation computers
Discrete semiconductor
devices
Third generation computers
Electronic circuits
containing of transistors and other devices in one tiny package
6. Перекладіть текст рідною мовою.
Microprocessor System
A functioning microprocessor is not simply a tiny piece of silicon which can replace a room full of data processing equipment. It requires many other components to make it work. The term "microcomputer" refers to the assembly of parts which make the microprocessor a useful working tool.
The microprocessor unit (MPU) is the "brain" of the system and directs all of the other parts to perform their function at the proper time.
An MPU is a complex integrated circuit. It is a highly miniaturized version of the minicomputers. A typical MPU will have the equivalent of about 7,000 transistors, diodes, resistors, etc., on a single piece of silicon less than 1/16 in square.
The job of the microprocessor is to move or alter chunks of information in an orderly fashion. The chunks of information are reduced to coded form represented as binary numbers which the microprocessor can manipulate. The MPU can only do extremely elementary actions, such as move a piece of data, add two numbers, increment a counter, etc.
Each one of the elementary operations of an MPU has its own binary code. The sequence of codes which makes the processor do its intended function is called a program or software. The inherent flexibility of an MPU comes from the fact that instructions can be combined in limitless variations.
The MPU can perform only one operation at a time. A clock, which is simply a stream of regular pulses, is required to control the proper sequencing. During operation the microprocessor fetches an instruction from memory, decodes the function, performs the proper activity and fetches the next instruction. It repeats this sequence as long as power is on and the clock is running.
MPUs are measured by the size of the piece of data which can be transferred to and from memory. Most MPUs are 4-bit, 8-bit or 16-bit in size.
An MPU system also needs a way to get information to the outside world and to bring in outside information that has been properly coded. Input/output devices exist which perform this function. Generally, they come in two types, parallel and serial. Parallel devices can send and receive coded data in one chunk. Serial devices transform the coded data into a single stream which must be reconstructed at the receiving end.
The minimum MPU system will be composed of the following: an MPU, memory, some form of input/output, a clock and some source of power.