Conclusion
By answering the question from beginning, which is the real problem of “Environmental Impact of Shipping and CO2 Emissions”, and why it is not solved yet, my Project Research introduce several answers:
- As the shipping industry is under-regulated, these environmental and public health impacts will escalate tremendously as global trade triples over the next two decades—until new air pollution and no-discharge laws are enacted by national and international bodies.
- It will, therefore, be extremely challenging, and expensive, to reduce emissions of CO2 from international shipping, particularly if trying to achieve economy-wide emissions reduction targets under a hypothetical equal burden-sharing approach. There are several options, but at present most of them are not economically viable.
- The big problem with the Kyoto protocol was that it covered a fraction of global emissions because it only applied to a group of industrialised countries, and did not include big emitters like the US and China.
- The second commitment period is likely to be worse in that regard, as several countries have dropped out after first non-achievement phase.
- The European Commission is taking steps to prevent the collapse of the European market certificate trading on industrial emissions of greenhouse gases. The downturn in the economies of the European Union now has generated excess certificates. This led to a sharp fall in prices of allowance for carbon dioxide emissions.
- There is currently no international regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from ships
There are different options that could be applied for reduction of shipping emissions, including design improvements and upgrades, operational improvements, alternative fuels, and renewable energy technologies, but, unfortunately, currently most of them are not economically viable and we should try find a solution, with may viable in different aspects
Tables and figures
Figure 1 Growth in world seaborne trade
Figure 2 Global CO2 emissions
Figure 3 Global shipping activities – Carbon Emitters
Figure 4 IMO Research (2009)
Figure 5 Comparison of Transportation modes in CO2 Emission level
Figure 6 Changes in CO2 Emissions
Figure 7 Prices on CO2 Emissions
Figure 8 What if CO2 emissions were reduced?
Figure 9 Global Shipping activities
Figure 10 Potential reductions of CO2 emissions by existing technology
Figure 11 Progress of Kyoto Protocol
Figure 12 Kyoto Protocol – before and after
Figure 13 Shipping Impact and GHG effect in our life
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Figure_№9
Figure_№10
Figure_№11
Figure_№12
Figure_№13
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1 Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2012), The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography
2 Six Degrees Could Change the World, video recording, National Geographic
3 Six Degrees Could Change the World, video recording, National Geographic
4 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb, Shipping Impacts on climate: A source with solutions, Oceana, July 2008
5 Environmental impacts of garbage sourced from ports and harbours, UK Marine
6 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb, Shipping Impacts on climate: A source with solutions, Oceana, July 2008
7 European Environment Agency, Climate change
8 Shipping, World Trade and the Reduction of CO2 Emissions, video recording, IMO, MEPC, 2010
9 Zabi Bazari, Tore Longva, Study shows significant reductions in CO2 emissions from ships from IMO measures, IMO, November 14, 2011
10 Six Degrees Could Change the World, video recording, National Geographic, 2008
11 Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb, Shipping Impacts on climate: A source with solutions, Oceana, July 2008
12 Six Degrees Could Change the World, video recording, National Geographic, 2008
13 Ocean Pollution: Global Shipping and the Cruise Industry, Earthjustice
14 Sujith Kollamthodi, Charlotte Brannigan, Mike Harfoot, Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping: Trends, projections and abatement potential: Final report, Committee on Climate Change, September 3, 2008
15 Jenny Marusiak, Shipping industry seeks self regulation on emissions, Eco-Business, December 2, 2011
16 David Worthington, Sails to power future cargo ships, global trade, SmartPlanet, August 28, 2012;
Jenny Marusiak, Shipping industry seeks self regulation on emissions, Eco-Business, December 2, 2011;
Is nuclear power necessary for solving climate change?, Article written by Neil Hirst of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College London, in collaboration with the Guardian, December 21, 2012;
James Mathews, CCC says International Shipping Emissions should potentially be included in 2050 targets, EarthTimes, Environmental News, November 4, 2011;
Sujith Kollamthodi, Charlotte Brannigan, Mike Harfoot, Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping: Trends, projections and abatement potential: Final report, Committee on Climate Change, September 3, 2008.
17 Jos G.J. Olivier, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jeroen A.H.W. Peters, Trends in global co2 emissions 2012 Report, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague/Bilthoven, 2012,
18 Sujith Kollamthodi, Charlotte Brannigan, Mike Harfoot, Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping: Trends, projections and abatement potential: Final report, Committee on Climate Change, September 3, 2008,
19 Michael Marshall, Kyoto protocol gets a second lease of life, NewScientist, Environmental News, December 6, 2012
20 Jos G.J. Olivier, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jeroen A.H.W. Peters, Trends in global co2 emissions 2012 Report, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague/Bilthoven, 2012,
21 Silvio Marcacci, Was the Kyoto Protocol a Failure? , The Energy Collective Social Media Today, December 29, 2011,
22 Sujith Kollamthodi, Charlotte Brannigan, Mike Harfoot, Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping: Trends, projections and abatement potential: Final report, Committee on Climate Change, September 3, 2008,
23 Joseph Romm, Negotiations Over The Kyoto Protocol Continue At The Doha Climate Talks, The Energy Collective Social Media Today, December 3, 2012,
24 Silvio Marcacci, Was the Kyoto Protocol a Failure? , The Energy Collective Social Media Today, December 29, 2011,
Joseph Romm, Negotiations Over The Kyoto Protocol Continue At The Doha Climate Talks, The Energy Collective Social Media Today, December 3, 2012,
Michael Marshall, Kyoto protocol gets a second lease of life, NewScientist, Environmental News, December 6, 2012
Sujith Kollamthodi, Charlotte Brannigan, Mike Harfoot, Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping: Trends, projections and abatement potential: Final report, Committee on Climate Change, September 3, 2008,
25 EEX Official CO2 EU Emission Allowances prices
26 Emissions Trading, Environmental Protection Agency, 2013;
The EU Emissions Trading System, European Commission, January 4, 2013;
What is the emissions trading scheme and does it work?, Article provided by Sandbag, part of the Guardian Environment Network, June 7, 2011.
27 Ralph Nader, The best solution for climate change is a carbon tax, The Great Debate, January 4, 2013,
28 Factbox: Carbon taxes around the world, WorldNews Australia, August 21, 2012,
29 European Environment Agency, European Union's total greenhouse emissions down 2.5 % in 2011, Published: September 7, 2012 Last modified : September 13, 2012
30 Reducing CO emissions from shipping - rethinking European policies, European Policy Center, September 18, 2012,
31 Apollonia Miola, Biagio Ciuffo, Emiliano Giovine, Marleen Marra, Regulating air emissions from ships: the state of the art on methodologies, technologies and policy options, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, November 2010,
32 European Environment Agency, Climate change, Last modified: August 23, 2012
33 Jasper Faber, Malte Freund, Martin Köpke, Going Slow to Reduce Emissions. Can the current surplus of maritime transport capacity be turned into an opportunity to reduce GHG emissions?, Seas At Risk Org., January 2010
34 Zabi Bazari, Tore Longva, Study shows significant reductions in CO2 emissions from ships from IMO measures, IMO, November 14, 2011,