I. Choose the appropriate word to complete each of the following sentences

1. The discovery of fossil bones from large _______ mammals in Argentina and the observation of numerous species of finches in the Galápagos Islands were among the events credited with stimulating Darwin's interest in how species originate.

a) extant b) extinct c) existing d) extraordinary

2. The progressive development of an erect _______ was an important trend in primate evolution.

a) pose b) position c) disposition d) posture

3. The Neanderthals, despite their archaic anatomy and their less _______ foraging systems, exhibited some uniquely modern features.

a) affecting b) effective c) efficient d) effecatious

4. The fossil hand from Olduvai meets the anatomic requirements of the power grip and those of the _______ grip in terms of the opposability of the thumb.

a) precision b) precise c) precious d) exact

5. The course of a disease — that is, the path it follows from _______ to end—can vary tremendously, depending largely on the individual and the treatment he or she receives.

a) initiation b) start c) onset d) origin

6. Gene, or point, mutations _______ only a few nucleotides within a gene.

a) affect b) effect c) impact d) affix

7. Fossil evidence must be examined together with the evidence from comparative studies of living forms and with the quantitative _______ provided by comparative studies of proteins and nucleic acids.

a) appraisement b) calculations c) estimates d) valuation

8. Only reproducing individuals _______ their genes to the following generation.

a) transfer b) transmit c) transmute d) transplant

9. Investigations of human mitochondrial DNA _______ that the variation among modern human populations is small compared, for example, with that between apes and monkeys, which points to the recency of human origin.

a) expose b) illustrate c) uncover d) reveal

10. Newly arisen mutations are more likely to be harmful than _______ to their carriers, because mutations are random events with respect to adaptation.

a) beneficial b) benevolent c) helpful d) favourable

11. Paleoanthropologists search for the roots of human physical traits and behavior seeking to _______ how evolution has shaped the potentials, tendencies, and limitations of all people.

a) invent b) discover c) learn d) reveal

12. Distribution scales of phenotypic _______ such as height, weight, number of progeny, or longevity typically show greater numbers of individuals with intermediate values and fewer and fewer toward the extremes.

a) characteristics b) features c) peculiarities d) traits

13. Primary care physicians can _______ most common disorders, and provide comprehensive, lifelong care for individuals and families.

a) attend to b) cure c) heal d) treat

14. The ability to interbreed is of great evolutionary importance, because it _______ that species are independent evolutionary units.

a) decides b) determines c) establishes d) identifies

15. Further experience with the currently available antibiotics has served to _______ their usefulness in many infectious diseases, and also some of their limitations.

a) accentuate b) highlight c) emphasize d) underline

16. Evaluation of the theory of human descent from apes was complicated by the _______ of relevant fossil material.

a) deficiency b) deficit c) lack d) scarcity

17. Controlled environmental chambers enable experimenters to _______ plants and animals under known conditions of light, temperature, humidity, and daylength so that the effects of each variable (or combination of variables) on the organism can be studied.

a) hold b) maintain c) support d) sustain

18. As the population approaches the limit of resources, birth rates _______, and mortality of young and adults increases.

a) decline b) degenerate c) deteriorate d) lessen

19. Scientists propose that these free-living bacteria were engulfed and maintained by other prokaryotic cells for their ability to produce ATP efficiently and to _______ glucose.

a) deliver b) give c) offer d) supply

20. Gradually, as knowledge _______ from seemingly disparate areas, the beginnings of modern evolutionary theory began to take shape.

a) collected b) stored c) accumulated d) increased