III. Choose the appropriate word or word combination to complete the following sentences: if, even if, unless, provided, providing, otherwise, but for, in case

1. Phenylketonuria, which results from lack of the enzyme, causes permanent brain damage ______ treated soon after birth.

2. Better medicine enables more people to survive to reproductive age, ______ they carry mutations that in past generations would have caused their early death.

3. Organisms could not grow or function properly ______ the genetic information encoded in DNA was not passed from cell to cell.

4. But heredity is not a perfectly conservative process; ______, evolution could not have taken place.

5. ______ a child inherits the allele for tongue rolling from at least one parent, he or she will be able to roll the tongue.

6. Mutations that change one or even several amino acids may have a small or undetectable effect on the organism's ability to survive and reproduce ______ that the essential biological function of the coded protein is not hindered.

7. ______ an individual’s genetic information becomes widely available, it could give health insurers cause to deny coverage to people with certain risk factors or encourage employers to reject certain high-risk job applicants.

8. Because some of the bones are crushed and distorted, the face and braincase are warped and provide less anatomical information than they _______ would.

9. Recent research, however, suggests that bacteria may retain their resistance to antibiotics over many generations, ______ they have not been exposed to the agent.

10. ______ the evolutionary process, the number and diversity of species inhabiting our planet wouldn’t be so impressive.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. You will hear a text about one the most outstanding naturalists of all times Charles Darwin. Before listening discuss the words and expressions in the box with your fellow students and teacher

clergyman the Church of England stellar figure meticulous and painstaking observer collector of specimens be taken aboard adhere to a theory cast doubt on something

tortoise mockingbird finch edition embody favourable natural variations improve adaptively over the preceding generations orthodox theological opinion the Royal Society

II. Listen to the text and say whether the following statements are true or false

1. Charles Darwin was born into a family with low income and education.

2. Charles Darwin went to school in his hometown.

3. Charles Darwin graduated from a university with a degree in medicine.

4. Charles Darwin decided to participate in a round-the-world expedition on the Beagle because he wanted to earn some money.

5. At that time scientists believed that all living things on the earth had been created and destroyed several times.

6. It was on the Galapagos Islands that Darwin first started thinking of possible links between different species.

7. Darwin developed and published his theory of evolution by natural selection two years after he had returned from his voyage on the Beagle.

8. Alfred Russel Wallace was one of the most ardent opponents of Darwin’s theory.

9. Because of criticism, Darwin’s work ‘On the Origin of Species’ was unsuccessful and did not sell well.

10. Recognition came to Charles Darwin only after his death.