Vocabulary notes

in the presence/absence of – за наявності, у присутності/відсутності чогось

serve as – слугувати, виступати як/у ролі

be capable of – бути здатним, спроможним

in response to – у відповідь на щось, як реакція на щось

III. Complete the sentences with the appropriate phrases from the vocabulary notes

1. At lower temperatures ammonia or hydrogen cyanide could __________ a liquid medium.

2. Humans, along with some other organisms, are omnivores that means they __________ functioning as herbivores or carnivores.

3. Antibodies are chemicals (Y-shaped) produced by an animal __________ a specific antigen.

4. Under alkaline conditions, and __________ inorganic catalysts, formaldehyde spontaneously reacts to form a variety of sugars.

5. __________ ozone, the ultraviolet solar flux is so high that a lethal dose for most organisms would be delivered in less than an hour.

IV. Make up 7-8 questions about the text “The Origin of Life” and ask them to your partner

V. Find the English equivalents of the following words in the text “The Origin of Life”

Відповідний, потрібний; збирання, монтаж; помилка; в кінцевому результаті, врешті решт; на початку; грубий, примітивний; рідкісний, дефіцитний; гарантувати, забезпечувати; відділення, відокремлення; викопні рештки.

VI. Use the words from exercise IV to fill in the blanks in the following sentences.

1. There must be an _______ in our calculations.

2. Racial _______ in schools still exists in some southern states.

3. Each patient is given a special exercise routine that is _______ for his or her needs.

4. Several dinosaur _______ were found in Montana.

5. Babbage's great calculating machine was a _______ form of computer.

6. Stan _______ wanted to go to medical school, but later he changed his mind and began to work as a manager.

7. Water is always _______ in deserts.

8. All the necessary steps had been taken to _______ their safety.

9. During its _______ on the ribosome, each protein acquires a group of from 4 to 100 amino acids called a signal.

10. _______, the sky cleared up and we went to the beach.

GRAMMAR IN USE

I. Look at the following sentences and try to identify the position of the words like probably, often, always both, ever, never, already, etc.

1. The first living systems probably resided in a molecular garden of Eden, where all the building blocks were available free.

2. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the endoplasmic reticulum are always absent in prokaryotic cells.

3. Some adaptations of undoubted utility, such as tractor treads in swampy environments, have never been evolved by natural selection on the Earth.

Now put the words in brackets in their correct places in the following sentences

1. It was proved that the larger animals came from eggs. (always)

2. The study of the molecular organization of the cell has had the greatest impact upon biology during the 20th century. (probably)

3. A man in the street, if asked about life on other planets, will picture life of a distinctly human sort. (often)

4. Exobiology has deep significance even if extraterrestrial life is found. (never)

5. The cross-sectional structure of the cilia and flagella is nine pairs of peripheral and one pair of internal fibres. (almost always)

6. It is claimed that the rise of Christianity was the cause of the decline in science. (sometimes)

7. Condensing agents can be quite effective in inducing polymerization. (often)

8. Albertus Magnus was the greatest naturalist of the Middle Ages. (probably)

9. Whether a gene is active is the result of an interaction between cells. (sometimes)

10. Science was virtually dead by the end of the 2nd century AD. (already)