Vocabulary notes

at this stage – на цій ступені/стадії

take place - відбуватися

more or less – більш менш

at the same time – у той же ж час

III. Use the phrases from vocabulary notes in the sentences of your own

IV. Answer the following questions about the text “Development of Gametophytes in Angiosperms”

1. Can you name any representatives of the phylum Magnoliophyta?

2. What do female and male gametophytes in angiosperms look like?

3. What happens to the four haploid megaspores which are produced as a result of division of the diploid megasporocyte cell in the ovule?

4. What processes take place during the formation of a female gametophyte?

5. What changes do the haploid microspores in the pollen sacs undergo after meiosis?

6. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

7. In what ways can pollination be accomplished?

8. What does a mature microgametophyte include?

9. What role does each of the sperm cells in the male gametophyte play during fertilization?

V. Read the text “Development of Gametophytes in Angiosperms” again and find there the English equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use them in the sentences of your own

Ряска; кущі, чагарі; змагатися, бути суперником; переміщуватися, переселятися; двохядерна клітина; яйцеклітина; раніше, колись; комаха; кажан; відставати, рухатись позаду; розриватися.

VI. The words below can be easily confused because of their similar pronunciation and spelling. Using a dictionary learn the meanings of these words and explain the difference between them

Success; succeed; successive; succession; successful; successfully; successor; succeeding.

VII. Use the words from the previous exercise in the following sentences

1. Chimeraplasty has been ________ tested in animals, and investigators have recently begun to test it in humans.

2. I didn't think my chances of ________ were very good.

3. The development of a seed requires that the megasporangium (the structure inside which the female egg will be formed) and the ________ development of an embryonic plant be surrounded by a covering referred to as an integument.

4. If the prince dies, the ________ passes to his son.

5. Eddie Murphy is one of Hollywood's most ________ stars.

6. George VI died in 1952, leaving his elder daughter Elizabeth to ________ him.

7. ________ rows of cilia always beat slightly out of phase, causing a wavelike motion to pass over the cell surface.

8. Such an analysis is an important prerequisite to much of the discussion that follows in ________chapters.

9. She won the championship four times in ________.

10. The experiment was a big ________.

11. Scientists claim they have ________ in finding a cure for cancer.

12. His ________ died after only 15 months in office.

13. In April 2000, French researchers reported the ________ use of gene therapy to treat two female infants with human severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

14. The radiation caused by the military tests will add to the risks of genetic effects in ________ generations.

15. Several ________ governments have tried to deal with this issue.

16. Ecosystems are dynamic, in that the populations constituting them do not remain the same. This is reflected in the gradual changes of the vegetational community over time, known as ________.

17. Most clinical trials of gene therapy have not resulted in enough improvement in the patient’s underlying condition to consider it an unqualified ________ and to justify treating large numbers of people.

18. The research team ________ in finding a self-replicating RNA molecule that was only 218 nucleotides long.

19. In some methods the peptide is synthesized in solution by the ________ addition of amino acids to the amino acid chain.

20. He ________ completed a master's degree.

FOCUS ON GRAMMAR