Дієприкметник
She watched the children writing the dictation. Writing the dictation, he made only one mistake. The dictation written the day before was corrected. |
Past Participle – Participle II III форма дієслова |
broken – зламаний, розбитий; written – написаний; eaten – з’їдений |
Порівняйте вживання Participle I (“ing” - форма) і Participle II (III форма дієслова) |
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taking – що бере, беручи doing – що робить, роблячи |
taken - взятий done - зроблений |
Порівняйте вживання Present Participle і Perfect Participle |
buying – купуючи; having bought – купив |
Форми інфінітива |
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Active |
Passive |
Present |
writing |
being written |
Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
Past |
▬ |
written |
Як перекладати різні форми дієприкметника на українську мову |
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Форми дієприкметника |
Як їх перекладати |
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дієприкметником |
дієприслівником |
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reading |
який читає |
читаючи |
having read |
▬ |
прочитавши |
being read |
який читають |
коли його читали коли його прочитали |
having been read |
▬ |
коли його прочитали |
read |
прочитаний |
▬ |
building |
який будує |
будуючи |
having built |
▬ |
побудувавши |
being built |
який будують |
коли його будували коли його побудували |
having been built
built |
▬
побудований |
коли його побудували
▬ |
Зверніть увагу на способи перекладу на англійську мову українських словосполучень, що відповідають дієприкметнику |
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Активний стан |
недоконаний вид |
який кидає |
throwing |
доконаний вид |
який кинув |
не можна* |
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Пасивний стан |
недоконаний вид |
якого кидають |
being thrown |
доконаний вид |
кинутий |
thrown |
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Цю форму можна перекласти на англійську мову тільки
підрядним означальним реченням (who threw, who has thrown, who had thrown).
Зверніть увагу на способи перекладу на англійську мову українських дієприслівників |
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Активний стан |
недоконаний вид |
кидаючи |
Throwing |
доконаний вид |
кинувши |
having thrown |
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Незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот (Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) |
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The day being piercing cold, he had no desire to loiter. |
Оскільки день був пронизливо холодним, він не мав бажання баритися. |
The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat.
The weather having changed, we decided to stay where we were.
The bridge having been swept away by the flood, the train was late.
And the wind having dropped, they set out to walk.
For the moment the shop was empty, the mechanic having disappeared into a room at the back.
He being no more heard of, it was natural to forget everything.
It having been decided that they should not go out on account of the weather.
I had long tasks every day to do with Mr. Mell, but I did them, there being no Mr. and Miss Murdstone here.
The sun having set an hour before, it was getting darker.
There being little time left, they hired a cab to get to the theatre in time.
His story told, he leaned back and signed. |
Коли його історія була розказана, він відкинувся назад і зітхнув. |
Sir Henry was deep in his papers, his long white hands moving nervously. |
Сер Генрі був занурений у свої папери, причому (а) його довгі білі руки нервово рухалися. |
She stood silent, her lips pressed together. |
Вона стояла мовчки, щільно стиснувши губи. |
Then she sprang away and ran around the desks and benches, with Tom running after her. |
Потім вона відскочила і побігла навколо парт і лавок, а Том біг за нею. |
His story told, he leaned back and signed. |
Коли його історія була розказана, він відкинувся назад і зітхнув. |
Запам’ятайте речення: |
Time permitting, we shall go for a walk. - Якщо час дозволить, ми підемо гуляти. |
The participles are:
a) present participles (staying, leaving, etc.); b) past participle (stayed, left, etc.) and
c) perfect participles (having left, etc.)
Present and past participles can be used as adjectives (прикметники). The present participle (-ing) describes what somebody or something is (it answers the question “What kind?”). The past participle (-ed) describes how somebody feels (it answers the question “How do you feel?”).
Participles can be also used:
Instead of relative pronoun and full verb
- The woman waving at me is my aunt. (= The woman who is waving at me is my aunt.)
- The new shampoo advertised on TV is very expensive. (=The new shampoo which is advertised on TV is very expensive.)
To express reason(обставини причини – чому?)
- Feeling shy, Laura didn’t talk to Ben. (= Because she was shy, Laura didn’t talk to Ben.)
- Having seen the film before, I decided to stay at home. (= Because I had seen the film before, I decided to stay at home.)
Knowing the way Jane walked quickly. Not knowing English Olga couldn’t understand us. Being busy Jane couldn’t speak to me. |
Знаючи дорогу, Джейн йшла швидко. Не знаючи англійської мови, Оля не могла зрозуміти нас. Будучи зайнятою, Джейн не могла поговорити зі мною. |
Як обставина причини Participle I може вживатися у заперечній формі.
To express time (обставини часу – коли?)
- After taking/having taken his Master’s degree, he applied for a job. (= After he had taken his Master’s degree, he applied for a job.)
- We met John while shopping. (=We met John while we were shopping.)
Walking home Jane didn’t hurry. When walking home Jane didn’t hurry. |
Йдучи додому, Джейн не поспішала. |
Reading books Jane learns a lot. While reading books Jane learns a lot. |
Читаючи книги, Джейн багато взнає. |
Із Participle I у функції обставини часу можуть вживатися сполучники: when - коли і while - в той час як, які в цьому випадку не перекладаються на українську мову. Такий прислівниковий зворот є результатом скорочення: when walking home = when she was walking home.
Обставини образу дії – (як?)
He stood at the window thinking about his future. |
Він стояв біля вікна, думаючи про своє майбутнє. |
Instead of the past simple in narratives when we describe actions happening immediately one after the other
- Hearing the news, she fainted (знепритомніти). (= She heard the news and she fainted.)
To avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentence
- He was walking down the street whistling a tune. (=He was walking down the street and he was whistling a tune.)
(a) Did you enjoy the horror film? – No, it was very frightening. (b) Mark is always biting his nails. – I know. It’s an extremely annoying habit. (c) Why doesn’t John study French? – He is not interesting in learning a foreign language. (d) What did you think of that new restaurant? – It was awful. The food was disgusting (препоганий, огидний). (e) Do you like windsurfing? – Yes, I find it very exciting (хвилюючий, захоплюючий). (f) Vicky is good at art, isn’t she? – Yes, I was impressing (вражений) by her paintings.